Ahmad Poorahmad; Hasan Kalantari; Amir Ashnavi; Mehdi Molaei Araee
Abstract
For many years in developed countries and even countries in South EastAsia, attempts have been made to promote the principles of sustainable andactive transportation oriented to walking and cycling among people. In orderto increase the safety of cycling and walking, these countries have preparedspecial ...
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For many years in developed countries and even countries in South EastAsia, attempts have been made to promote the principles of sustainable andactive transportation oriented to walking and cycling among people. In orderto increase the safety of cycling and walking, these countries have preparedspecial routes which in addition to the beauty index, they promote andencourage cycling. Although a bit late, this project has been implemented invarious cities of Iran. People of Kashan like the inhabitants of the ancientcities of Iran have a long history in the use of bicycles. Nowadays that theuses of motor vehicles have created many problems; studying the role of thebicycles in urban transportation system seems necessary. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the barriers to cycling and effective factors in theusing growth of it in Kashan. After library studying and literature review,our data was collected by survey using a questionnaire and were analyzed
Mohammad Shaikhi; Mohsen Shabestar
Abstract
Urban privacy is of particular importance in planning, directing and controlling the development of cities. The rapid growth of urbanization, the uncontrolled expansion of cities and their surrounding lands, especially in developing countries, have made planning challenges for metropolises very difficult. ...
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Urban privacy is of particular importance in planning, directing and controlling the development of cities. The rapid growth of urbanization, the uncontrolled expansion of cities and their surrounding lands, especially in developing countries, have made planning challenges for metropolises very difficult. Management and planning for Tehran's metropolitan area in recent decades, pave the way for the challenge among various stakeholders who each want a share of the periphery of the city for themselves. The main purpose of the research is to identify the issues of integrated management of the Tehran metropolitan privacy. The methodology of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Secondary analysis of existing documentary-library information, related plans and maps were used to collect data to analyze the current status of privacy. In order to validate and provide the model, semi-structured interviews with urban experts were carried out and through Maxwell's software the qualitative content analysis of the interviews was conducted. The findings of this study show that legal, managerial, institutional and physical-spatial issues in the integrated management of privacy in the Tehran metropolitan area have been disturbed so that a number of administrative and institutional divisions in the Tehran metropolitan area have been violated. The cities located in this area are one of the major issues in the Tehran metropolitan area. Therefore, considering these issues and examining privacy challenges, an integrated model, tailored to the current structure of Tehran's privacy management, has been proposed and presented.
Mohsen Ahad Nejad; Hojjat Mohamadi Torkamani; Ghahreman Khoshrooy
Abstract
Natural disasters, specially earthquake has always been a treat for human activities, which resulting damages and losses are being seen specially in developing countries, despite technological progresses in various dimensions. Until recent decades, opinions and theories about the resulting vulnerability ...
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Natural disasters, specially earthquake has always been a treat for human activities, which resulting damages and losses are being seen specially in developing countries, despite technological progresses in various dimensions. Until recent decades, opinions and theories about the resulting vulnerability of earthquake was limited to physical factors, but recently, theories emphasize on the multidimensionality of vulnerability, and this is the concept of social vulnerability. The purpose of this research is to provide an evaluation of social vulnerability to earthquake in Tabriz city, and explaining the relationship of physical vulnerability and social vulnerability. This research presents a model of social vulnerability to earthquake, in zone 1 of Tabriz city, using 4 index of housing quality, population, economical-social, and access to specific land-uses and the related sub-indicators. At first Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) is used in order to weight indicators and sub-indicators and then final social vulnerability map is outlined after vulnerability layer(map) for each index, was created by overlapping layers in GIS. The result shows that there is a significant relationship between physical vulnerability and social vulnerability in the study area; and according to the selected indicators, the area 1 and 2 of study zone has the lowest social vulnerability and the area 5 and 3 has the most social vulnerability
Mahmoud Moshfegh
Abstract
This paper compares the policy experiences of Asian elected countries with regard to the balanced distribution of population. we attempt to demonstrate which spatial - demographic paradigms have better and more effective results. The research method is documentary analysis and has been used in valid ...
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This paper compares the policy experiences of Asian elected countries with regard to the balanced distribution of population. we attempt to demonstrate which spatial - demographic paradigms have better and more effective results. The research method is documentary analysis and has been used in valid government planning documents. In general, four types of planning paradigms were identified with respect to the population – space economy: (a) decentralized governments with a political-economic De-centralization paradigm (Japan); (b) centralized governments with direct intervention paradigm in the management of space populations (China and Indonesia). (C) Centralized governments with the economic decentralization paradigm (Iran and South Korea); and (d) the semi-centralized government with the paradigm of priority rural development. The results show decentralized governments with a more administrative, political, and economic decentralization approach, with more positive results than national development and optimal distribution of the population. Studies have shown that lack of coordination between macro, middle and wise sectors, the lack of political will to implement land allocation plans and the lack of monitoring of land allocation programs and the spatial distribution of the population are among the most important obstacles to the failure of optimal population distribution strategies. In countries with a centralized system, planning is the key to success of the programs, creating interagency coordination and continuous monitoring of programs.
Mahmoud Jomehpour; Seyyede Shabnaz Ettehad; Farshad Nourian
Abstract
The ecological city approach is one emerging of area, which has provided different perspectives on cities in terms of environmental and social dimensions. This approach is considered to provide a comprehensive and integrated way of achieving the sustainability goals with a focus on the environment, the ...
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The ecological city approach is one emerging of area, which has provided different perspectives on cities in terms of environmental and social dimensions. This approach is considered to provide a comprehensive and integrated way of achieving the sustainability goals with a focus on the environment, the economic development, and social justice. Such a city is supposed to be coherent with and in line with the natural order and tune. Since Bojnourd has a significant natural context, it is a good case for study and use of the ecological city approach. A number of rivers and underground reservoirs have provided for a variety of local vegetation. The present study aimed to provide a suitable model for the future development of Bojnourd based on the aforementioned approach. The method used here is descriptive-analytic and explorative. Our focus has been on future studies, and we have attempted to discover the driving forces and the uncertainties in order to present a number of scenarios for the future of Bojnourd. In the GBN method, we had to contemplate on at least three uncertainties. We have used the Delphi interview method to gain a more comprehensive knowledge of the basic issues of Bojnourd. Then, using scenario planning, three key factors including systematic and controlled urban development, environmental protection, efficient public transport, and intelligent and efficient use and consumption of energy, and development of a smart city based on utilization of information and communication technology were shown major factors influencing the future of the city.
Kiana Etemadi; Mozafar Sarrafi; Sahar Nedae Tousi
Abstract
Creating free trade zones (FTZs), special economic zones (SEZs), or export processing zones (EPZs) are some of the regional development policies to enhance the community capacities to meet the needs. However, these zones had mainly encountered “island development” with the distribution of ...
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Creating free trade zones (FTZs), special economic zones (SEZs), or export processing zones (EPZs) are some of the regional development policies to enhance the community capacities to meet the needs. However, these zones had mainly encountered “island development” with the distribution of the region’s minimal works. So, the development in the multidimensional sense has not yet occurred in the life situation of the local community. In this context, the purpose of the research was to explain the development impact of the Chabahar Free Zone in the pervasive zone (the Makran Region), measuring by the semi-experimental method consecutively. First, the conceptual and measurement models, including criteria and indicators, were defined as a result of the documentary meta-synthesis and interviews. Then they were evaluated by the statistical and spatial data at different times before and after constructing the free zone. To this end, research results are validated by interviews with actors. Finally, the strategic suggestions are provided by Meta–SWOT technique to promote the effect of the Chabahar Free Zone. Results state that with the construction of this region, some capacities have been made for development. Having no long-term planning and social cohesion from the beginning resulted in some unpleasant phenomena such as social segregation and uneven development. The trade zone is expected to spread the development to the pervasive region has become a problem causing the flock to the city, unable to meet the inhabitants’ expectations.
Reza Kheyroddin; Mohammad Abbaspour kalmarzi
Abstract
Impassable mountainous regions are one of the significant destinations for tourists, which due to arduous accessibility, are neglected to visit. The best way to reach these regions would be the railways, owing to their conservative nature which protects the environment and significant settlements and ...
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Impassable mountainous regions are one of the significant destinations for tourists, which due to arduous accessibility, are neglected to visit. The best way to reach these regions would be the railways, owing to their conservative nature which protects the environment and significant settlements and also reduces pollution and non-native population. By having this to account, the main goal of this research would be explaining the role of ecological tourism planning in impassable mountainous regions by railways.Tehran-Mazandaran railway is chosen as the case of this study in light of its antiquity, settlement growth in heart of the mountain, and presence of railway tourism. In order to recognize and explore the existent stations and adjacent habitations, the documentary and libraries along with field surveys and questionnaires and interviews were used to inform the stakeholders and actors of this research. Then, using these items, the development model of the region was developed.In this development, railway stations provide the role of tourism development center in an area. The stations with the highest development capacity were selected as the centers for the development of ecological tourism. By forming a tourism complex including natural, rural and historical attractions, these centers play a central role in the development of the region and grow their surrounding areas by creating a tourism network. With this action, in addition to the economic development of settlements and the prosperity of tourism, the protection and maintenance of the environment is also done in the best way, and thus ecological tourism is realized in mountainous areas with the focus on the railway route.
Gholamreza Latifi; Esmail piri; Yadegar Mohammadi; Shahram Parsa
Abstract
Cities for the reason of complex nature and increasing growth of urban population and also factors such as inappropriate distribution of representing services in different urban aspects, the price of land, unequal incomes among different groups of people, lack of equal access to facilities and services, ...
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Cities for the reason of complex nature and increasing growth of urban population and also factors such as inappropriate distribution of representing services in different urban aspects, the price of land, unequal incomes among different groups of people, lack of equal access to facilities and services, and also different urban spaces among residents of different areas have made the cities to reflect a picture of inequality. The thrust of this research is to investigate and compare spatial-social inequality between two areas, Darsyran and Baharan, in Marivan on the basis of the indexes of economic-social status and access to land use of urban services. The present study is an applied research which employs a questionnaire to collect data to analyze the independent and dependent variable questions. The researcher has used SPSS to analyze the data.According to the testresultsMann - Whitney u test and confidence level 95%, difference betweensocio-economic status Baharan residents and urban land use services areavailable to the residentsof Darsyran.
Mehrnaz Amin Aghaee; Ahmad Ghiasvand
Abstract
Citizenship is important as one of the components of modern society. The purpose of this study was to describe a variety of citizenship behaviors between people in Tehran. It is also tried to analyze the dimensions and behaviors of citizenship based on demographic variables. The method of this study ...
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Citizenship is important as one of the components of modern society. The purpose of this study was to describe a variety of citizenship behaviors between people in Tehran. It is also tried to analyze the dimensions and behaviors of citizenship based on demographic variables. The method of this study was A survey and its population was 15 years or more in 2017.The sampling method is multi-stage and the sample size is 2400 according to The cochran formula. A questionnair tool was used for data collection. The concept of active citizenship has been measured by four components: citizen participation, citizen responsibility, citizen socialization, and citizen identity.The results show that half of the people are active citizens (46%) and a quarter (26%) are passive citizens. The average active citizenship status is 3.36 (range 1 to 2). Also, the mean score for social participation was 2.9, social responsibility was 3.25, citizenship was 3.61, and 3.64 perceived citizenship. In fact, the level of citizenship participation is passive. On the contrary, the sense of citizenship identity shows the active state.Among all types of citizenship behaviors: neighborhood behaviors, community-based behaviors, traffic issues, and urban ethics indicate a favorable situation. On the other hand, there is the erosion of citizen participation norms.
Mahmoud Jomehpour; Elham Rohani Choulaee
Abstract
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) proposes a new approach to correcting the theory of sustainable urban planning. The purpose of this approach was to help create a lasting relationship between residents and urban space and increase the value of urban land. This approach is based ...
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The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) proposes a new approach to correcting the theory of sustainable urban planning. The purpose of this approach was to help create a lasting relationship between residents and urban space and increase the value of urban land. This approach is based on 5 principles, which are 3 key features of cities and sustainable neighborhoods; supports compactness, integrity and connectivity. Due to the importance of the concept of sustainability, especially at the local scale, this study pays a comparative comparison of measuring the sustainability of organic and planned neighborhoods by using the indicators introduced in the United Nations Human Settlements Programme with a case study of Sajad and Noghan neighborhoods in Mashhad. This research is a type of applied research, in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and in terms of quantitative and qualitative methods. In data collection, various methods of interview, observation and field survey have been used. The data have been introduced based on the analysis of quantitative indicators and descriptive-analytical maps. Findings show that based on sustainability indicators (suitable space for street, high density, mixed use, social mixing, limiting specialized land use and access), new neighborhood of Sajad based on indicators of suitable space for street and a street network efficient, social mixing and access to services are in a better position compared to the old neighborhood of Noghan.
Maryam Ghorbanpour; Saeed Sedaghatnia; Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour
Abstract
The outbreak of the covid-19 virus has faced cities with many challenges. The most important of which is endangering the sustainability and livability of urban neighborhoods. Actions recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent the outbreak of the virus, including physical distancing and home ...
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The outbreak of the covid-19 virus has faced cities with many challenges. The most important of which is endangering the sustainability and livability of urban neighborhoods. Actions recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent the outbreak of the virus, including physical distancing and home quarantine, have led to Create new mechanisms that have severely affected the livability of neighborhoods. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the outbreak of covid-19 on the livability indicators and factors of urban neighborhoods based on residents’ views. The methodology of this research is quantitative. This research is conducted using questionnaires of residents in the neighborhoods of District 8 of Tehran and ten basic factors were identified by using exploratory factor analysis, including health and pleasure, recreation and entertainment, housing, transportation, environmental health, security, economy and employment, cultural status, education and identity. Based on residents' views, The outbreak of the covid-19 had the greatest impact on health and pleasure with an explanatory percentage of 8.34. Among the neighborhoods of District 8, Madaen has better met the living needs of the residents based on their views during the outbreak of covid-19. This ranking has been done separately in the neighborhoods of District 8, which represents the priority of intervention of the indicators to improve the livability of the neighborhoods based on residents' views. Finally, based on the priority of each factor and residents' views, suggestions have been made to improve the livability of the neighborhoods during the outbreak of covid-19.
Mahmud Rezaei; Ayda Irani Molkkian
Abstract
TThis article tried to redefine the human scale to measure its hidden dimensions in the success of implemented urban projects along with other criteria of success. The purpose of this article was to better promote urban plans in the historical contexts of the country with the correct definition and focus ...
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TThis article tried to redefine the human scale to measure its hidden dimensions in the success of implemented urban projects along with other criteria of success. The purpose of this article was to better promote urban plans in the historical contexts of the country with the correct definition and focus on the dominant and common criteria of success. Therefore, restoration projects (improvement and renovation) implemented in the 1380s SH in the 12th district of Tehran have been considered for this work as a case study. The research method here was qualitative and quantitative, using coding concepts to redefine, Delphi technique to select designs, then ranking them through analytic hierarchy process. The qualitative interpretation of the concept of human scale in urban design literature, the degree of compliance in selected projects with other criteria and the degree of the overall success of each project is compared. That is, it can be mentioned as a common and complete limit in successful designs and spaces of the city. The share or percentage provided by this criterion, by the definition of this research, in each project, represents an acceptable ratio of the total success criteria of a project. Also, with the same relative conditions, among the internal concepts of the human scale, the role of popular participation, i.e. the non-physical dimension, is the highest in the success of space and body
Syed Mohsen Moosavi; Sahar Amini Goharrizi; Hanieh Lotfipour; Razieh Rahnama
Abstract
One of the factors in strengthening relationships between people is the creation of social interactions, and this is one of the most important and fundamental concerns of human beings throughout life. In the event of a pandemic, people are very afraid and anxious to meet each other in crowded environments, ...
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One of the factors in strengthening relationships between people is the creation of social interactions, and this is one of the most important and fundamental concerns of human beings throughout life. In the event of a pandemic, people are very afraid and anxious to meet each other in crowded environments, because the possibility of endangering their health is very high. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of creating lost social interactions in pandemic conditions in Naghsh Jahan Square in Isfahan. The method of the present study was based on the nature, quality and purpose, application and development. In order to study how to revive spaces with social interactions and identify spatial criteria in order to achieve this goal, specialized space syntax software has been used. The results show that the space in front of the entrance of Caesarea has more navigation and it is better for people not to be present in this space when they are in Naghsh Jahan Square in a pandemic situation. Also, in terms of spatial communication, the open space of the square in front of Aali Qapo mansion has a high spatial connection. As a result, the amount of communication and contact of people in this section is high. In the event of an epidemic, the best place for Naghsh Jahan Square to create social interactions is the central zone of Naghsh Jahan Square, which according to the extracted data, when people are present in the square, their health is more secure.
Zahra Servati; Gholamreza Latifi; Ali Soltani; Haniyeh Sanayeeiyan
Abstract
The development process over the past 50 years has had many positive and negative effects on urban communities around the world. One of the significant concerns is the constant increase in urban temperature called the urban heat island. The heat island is like an umbrella of air that is often located ...
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The development process over the past 50 years has had many positive and negative effects on urban communities around the world. One of the significant concerns is the constant increase in urban temperature called the urban heat island. The heat island is like an umbrella of air that is often located on the city or built-up areas and the temperature inside is warmer than the surrounding air. Be. In recent decades, thermal islands are expected to pose many challenges for cities. Among the issues that can be mentioned are community health, social welfare, urban infrastructure, energy demand and water resources, but it seems that this procedure is not one-sided, but these social, economic, etc This article intends to study the weather and images of LandSat-8 satellite and MODIS sensor to determine the exact location of thermal islands in the metropolis of Tehran, to overlap these images with GIS maps related to social and economic characteristics of the city. (Population density, quality of life, housing prices), to explain the formation of thermal islands as well as socio-economic developments. The results of this study show that areas ten and eleven and twelve of the metropolis of Tehran are among the main areas of the thermal islands of this city, which seems to be more evident due to the special social and economic characteristics of these areas, the distribution pattern of thermal islands.
Homayoon Nooraie; Ahmad Rahimi; Mahsa Fatahian
Abstract
Providing the required fuel for vehicles and in line with it, choosing the Proper location for fueling stations is considered as one of the important and key issues. In recent years, due to the lack of large and suitable spaces for the construction of a new fuel station, for the first time in the country, ...
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Providing the required fuel for vehicles and in line with it, choosing the Proper location for fueling stations is considered as one of the important and key issues. In recent years, due to the lack of large and suitable spaces for the construction of a new fuel station, for the first time in the country, the first phase of the linear fueling station a the Isfahan metropolis has been implemented. Before entering the implementation of the second phase of the project and also the extension of the stations to other metropolises of country, the evaluation of linear fueling stations especially in terms of landuse quality (matrices of compatibility, desirability, capacity and dependence) is very important. In this regard, in this research library and field methods have been used to collect data. In addition, a combination of fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used to analyze the status of linear fueling stations. The results show that in general, 34% of all linear gas stations in Isfahan are in a relatively unsuitable location and 20% of them are in average condition in terms of qualitative evaluation of the landuse. The general suggestions of this research are to pay attention to providing the necessary infrastructure for the construction of linear gas stations, eliminating the shortcomings of existing linear stations and conducting integrated transportation and land use studies before the implementation of the second phase of the project.
Masoomeh Shafiee; Ali Akbar Tajmazinani; Behrang Sedighi
Abstract
The present study, taking the perspective of policy archeology, investigates the discourse space that has led to the emergence of the housing policy object after the revolution as the only possible and desirable object, in order to understand correctly the rules that govern the scattered components of ...
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The present study, taking the perspective of policy archeology, investigates the discourse space that has led to the emergence of the housing policy object after the revolution as the only possible and desirable object, in order to understand correctly the rules that govern the scattered components of the housing policy-making discourse in post-revolutionary Iran. In this regard, Foucauldian discourse analysis was used. The results show the deviation occurred in the formation of the housing policy-making object after the post-revolution Iran in the development programs from the official discourse of the Islamic Republic (authorized in the constitution), so that during the process of govermentalization of housing policies, surfaces of emergence, authorities of delimitation, and grid of specifications made the particular, limited, and governable form of the object, as an homo oeconomicus visible, leading to housing to be transformed to a special privilege from a public right to and be out of reach of everyone.
Shadi Shokri yazdan abad; Mohammadreza Pourjafar; Mojtaba Rafieian
Abstract
The rapid growth of the urban population has caused problems. One of the new approaches to problem-solving is smart cities. This study aims to investigate the compatibility of smart cities with their context. Research is a fundamental-applied study; where the meta-analysis method as one of the meta-study ...
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The rapid growth of the urban population has caused problems. One of the new approaches to problem-solving is smart cities. This study aims to investigate the compatibility of smart cities with their context. Research is a fundamental-applied study; where the meta-analysis method as one of the meta-study methods, and the content analysis method have been used. The methodological approach is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) and the data obtained this research, including 70 sources (mainly from 2011 to 2021), has been library datasets. Findings show that most of the reviewed resources in terms of titles, do not have a title similar to the research topic and in terms of the content, a small number of resources have paid attention to the issue of context in smart cities. some previous studies have emphasized the need to do this issue, and this indicates that the challenge of contextualization in smart cities needs to be further substantiated and documented, and the results of this study confirms the claim that the subject under discussion will have an important implication in urban planning literature.
Hassan Sadeghi Naeini; Zahra Dehghani; Hamide Torabi; Naser Koleini Mamaghani; Zahra Kavian
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic has led to changes in people's lifestyles and behaviors. These changes have occurred in various fields, including transportation. There are several options for urban transportation, such as public and private transportation and bicycles, that different countries ...
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The outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic has led to changes in people's lifestyles and behaviors. These changes have occurred in various fields, including transportation. There are several options for urban transportation, such as public and private transportation and bicycles, that different countries used different behaviors before and after Corona. This research aims to measure the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on people's use of different modes of transportation and their comparison. For this purpose, a Likert scale questionnaire was used in Shiraz and Tehran, Iran and the participants were selected from users of the Bicycle Rental System. The study's results revealed a decrease in people's use of these bicycles during the COVID-19 Pandemic conditions. In the same period, people favored private cars and used fewer public transportation vehicles. Among the different urban vehicles available, public transportation was the most used before COVID-19, while personal transportation was used the most after Corona.
Somayeh Zandieh; Mozafar Sarrafi
Abstract
Public interest has always been a controversial concept in spatial planning theories. The controversies over the concept imply a critical disagreement on what public interest is and if it exists at all. These have led to the development of multiple theories, challenging the legitimacy of planning. This ...
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Public interest has always been a controversial concept in spatial planning theories. The controversies over the concept imply a critical disagreement on what public interest is and if it exists at all. These have led to the development of multiple theories, challenging the legitimacy of planning. This article emphasizes the importance of addressing the question of public interest. However, it has not aimed to find an ultimate answer to the question; rather, it has focused on understanding the nature of the disagreements on this concept through the formulation of the different responses to this question. Accordingly, it has put its finger on the various ontological perspectives on the relation between the social and the individual by applying the meta-synthesis method and aimed to understand the trace of these perspectives on the conceptualization of public interest in the twelve most influential traditions on planning theory and practice. The article indicates the dominance of four approaches to the public interest in spatial planning, including individualism, universalism, pluralism, and critical tradition. In terms of these approaches, the article has addressed three questions: what is the nature of the relation between the social and the individual; what does constitute the public interest; and how does the so-called public interest actualize, especially in spatial planning?
Mohamadali Fateminia; Ali Khaksari
Abstract
Transportation is an important part of sustainable urban development. Tehran intercity passenger terminals carry millions of passengers throughout the year and make a significant contribution to urban transportation and management. Tehran city terminals, in addition to their special physical space, are ...
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Transportation is an important part of sustainable urban development. Tehran intercity passenger terminals carry millions of passengers throughout the year and make a significant contribution to urban transportation and management. Tehran city terminals, in addition to their special physical space, are dominated by a special social space that has led to the production and even reproduction of various social harms and instabilities. The sampling method of this research is qualitative and judgmental. This research intends to identify and model the problems, inefficiencies and social instabilities of Tehran's terminals with a qualitative-exploratory approach and using thematic analysis technique. The findings of this study show that the terminals of Tehran have become a place for social harms due to risk factors such as congestion, instability of elements and factors, high turnover, urban entry and exit, legal vacuum in management and even religious issues. On the other hand, due to poor supervision and lack of integrated urban management, these damages and instabilities have overflowed to neighboring neighborhoods and even inside the bus, which has finally reproduced the vicious cycle of unstable space and social damage to the terminals.
Morteza Ahmadi; Mahmood Ziaee; Reza Vaezi; Gholam Reza Kazemian; Fatemeh Yavarigohar
Abstract
Abstract
One of the practical issues leading to the success or failure of tourism development plans is the type of rationality that dominates the country’s planning system in each era and the corresponding planning theory. This article has been compiled to analyze the position of rationality in ...
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Abstract
One of the practical issues leading to the success or failure of tourism development plans is the type of rationality that dominates the country’s planning system in each era and the corresponding planning theory. This article has been compiled to analyze the position of rationality in planning as an epistemological framework in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. This research’s conceptual framework of rationality is based on Alexander’s Rationality Model (2000) and the new approaches to tourism planning. The philosophical paradigm of the study is based on interpretive epistemology, and its methodology is based on qualitative research. Archival Studies and Thematic Analysis methods have been used for gathering and analyzing data in this research. The study’s statistical population for the content analysis comprises the qualitative texts of Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. The findings of this research indicate that, for the first time, coordinative rationality has become dominant in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan (Approved in 2020). The components of rationality were recognized, and the share of each type of rationality was outlined by analyzing 85 themes and thematic networks in the strategic plan in this research.
Keywords: Tourism Planning, Rationality, Strategic Plan, Thematic Analysis, Tourism Development in Iran.
Introduction
The concept of tourism planning and its approaches have changed during the seven recent decades. The type of rationality corresponding to planning theory that dominates in each era greatly affected the nature of tourism development. In its early development until the 1940s, many scholars have contended that tourism grew without palpable planning (Inskeep,1991; Pearce,1989; Tosun & Jenkins,1998). Tourism was developed based on market mechanisms, and tourism planning was infrequent (Fitri and colleagues (2020). Reviewing the tourism literature indicates that during the 1950s and 1960s, tourism planning prevailed based on positivism, rationalism and instrumental rationality, physical planning, economically-oriented professionalism, and top-down planning. New approaches of planning theory, such as communicative planning, sustainable planning and integrative planning with the features of participative and bottom-up planning, initiated to emerge after the 1970s and 1980s so that gradually community-based tourism, ecotourism, responsible tourism, alternative tourism and sustainable tourism came into existence. The government approved the strategic plan for tourism development in Iran in 2020 in line with the 6th Five Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan for I.R of Iran (2017-2021). The present research investigates the type of rationality that dominates the mentioned strategic plan for tourism development using thematic analysis.
Materials and Methods
This study considers various approaches for tourism planning in line with the development planning system in Iran over the last seven decades. The position of rationality in the strategic tourism development plan in Iran (Approved by the Government Cabinet in 2020) is investigated in this research by applying thematic analysis. The study’s statistical population comprises the qualitative text of Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. Two methods comprising Archival Studies and Thematic Analysis were used. The first one applied to recognizing the components of rationality in tourism planning and introducing the theoretical foundations of this research. The second determines the type of rationality dominant to the plan. Regarding thematic analysis approaches (Braun & Clarke,2006; Attride- Stirling,2001; Boyatzis,1998), the phases considered in this research were: Data Familiarization, Code Generating, Theme Recognizing, Thematic Networks Drawing and finally, Analysis of Thematic Networks.
Discussion and Results
The tourism planning system in Iran has experienced various tourism development plans since the 1970s. The first master plan for tourism development in Iran was prepared by a foreign company called Tourist Consult in 1972 in line with the 4th national development plan for Iran (1968-1972), during the era of instrumental rationality dominance on tourism planning in the world. Investigating the types of rationality applied in the strategic plan (2020) for tourism development in Iran revealed three main themes emphasized in the plan. They were as follows:
Integration of tourism with the national macro policies,
Determination of duties and role of various related government organizations for tourism development (24 organizations),
Cooperation and participation of related organizations and tourism stakeholders.
Conclusions
This study revealed that the dominant type of rationality in Iran’s strategic plan for tourism development approved by the government cabinet in 2020 is coordinative rationality, which is for the first time taking place. One of the challenges for this plan recognized in the research is the lack of consideration for the private sector’s and local communities’ role in tourism development. Regarding the findings of this research, the following are suggested:
Applying various types of rationality in the process of tourism planning for Iran that can be manifested in coordinative planning.
Reforming the system of tourism planning in a way that various types of rationality can be applied in all planning phases, including the process of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mahmoud Moshfegh
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this research paper is to analyze the trends observed in spatial population concentration indices within the context of regional and urban balance policies during Iran's first to fifth development plans spanning the period of 1989 to 2015. The study ...
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Abstract
The objective of this research paper is to analyze the trends observed in spatial population concentration indices within the context of regional and urban balance policies during Iran's first to fifth development plans spanning the period of 1989 to 2015. The study employs a trend analysis methodology, utilizing data derived from Iran's censuses. The findings of the research reveal a consistent inclination of population movement towards urban centers, despite the articulation of regional and urban balance objectives in all development plans. This phenomenon manifests in two distinct forms of population centralization. Firstly, a persistent, overarching pattern of national-level centralization emerges as the gravitational center of population settlements in the country. Secondly, a more localized and variable form of centralization is observed in the regional context, wherein certain areas function as regional centers of population agglomeration. Over the duration of the first to fifth development plans, there is evidence of a decline in urban primacy. Interestingly, cities classified as second-tier (with populations ranging between 100,000 and 250,000) exhibit the highest rates of population growth, while cities belonging to middle-tier categories (with populations ranging between 10,000 and 99,999) experience a negative population growth. In conclusion, the overall outcomes indicate a slight amelioration in regional and urban imbalances. Consequently, a shift is observed in the spatial distribution of regional and urban populations, transitioning from an extreme periphery-center structure towards a periphery-semi-periphery arrangement.
Keywords: Decentralization, Urban primacy, Migration, Urban hierarchy, Regions.
Introduction
The process of urbanization in Iran has experienced a consistent upward trajectory over the past five decades. In 1956, the level of urbanization stood at 31.6%, a figure that rose to 74% by 2016. However, this growth has been characterized by a significant imbalance, with a persistent center-periphery pattern dominating the urbanization structure of Iran. Consequently, an essential objective of Iran's development plans has been the attainment of balanced regional and urban development, alongside initiatives aimed at urban decentralization and population control in metropolises and major cities over the past 50 years.
The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the level and trends observed in spatial population concentration indices concerning the objectives of regional and urban balance policies during Iran's first to fifth development plans spanning the period of 1989 to 2015. The geographical categorization employed by the Iran Atlas of Urban and Regional Planning Studies divides the country into three regional levels: large (physical) regions, middle regions (provinces), and micro regions (cities). These development plans have consistently aimed to establish a sense of equilibrium in both population and development across these distinct levels (Latifi, 2011). As a result, the study will examine changes in distribution and concentration indices of the urban population at three levels: A) population concentration trends within macro-physical regions of the country, B) population concentration and displacement trends within middle regions (provinces), and C) an analysis of indicators pertaining to urban population concentration within first cities, metropolises, and urban hierarchies.
Literature Review
Studies examining urban population decentralization policies can be categorized into two distinct subjects. The first category consists of research that has conducted positive assessments of the effects brought about by the implementation of such policies. Kondo (2018) and Anh (2003) have provided favorable evaluations of urban population decentralization policies in Asia. Chen, Liu, et al. (2013) demonstrated that China experienced a faster increase in urban population compared to economic growth until 2004; however, since then, Chinese cities have undergone a more balanced distribution. Lee (1997) also noted that urban primacy in South Korea reached its peak during the 1970s but has remained relatively stable since the 1980s due to decentralization policies. Furthermore, several studies have indicated that Iran's urban system exhibited a trend towards centralization by the end of the 1980s, but since the early 1980s, the concentration of urban population has gradually decreased, leading to a more balanced distribution (Zebardast, 2006; Farhoudi et al., 2009; Seifodini et al., 2014). These studies attributed such changes to the implementation of urban decentralization policies in Iran. The second category encompasses studies that have shown the continued centralization of the urban population in various forms, with the distribution of population within the urban hierarchy becoming increasingly imbalanced. Rakhshani Nasab and Zarrabi (2010) and Taghvaei and Saberi (2010) have demonstrated this trend. Rakhshani Nasab and Zarrabi (2010) revealed that between the years 2006 to 2016, Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz, and Qom maintained a stable position within the country's urban system, while Karaj ascended from 13th place in 1986 to 5th place in 2006 due to the influx of population overflow from Tehran.
Methodology
The research methodology employed in this study involved documentary research and trend analysis. The primary sources of data were the databases of the Central Bank, Statistics Center, and the Program and Budget Organization of Iran. To examine the trend relationships of the indicators, trend line regression was utilized. In order to align the data with the time periods of the development plans, interpolation and extrapolation techniques were employed. To measure urban concentration, several indices were utilized, namely the index of equilibrium, urban primacy index, two-city index, Ginsberg or four-city index, Mehta's four-city index, Herfindahl concentration index, entropy index, and Henderson de-concentration index. These indices provided a comprehensive assessment of the level of concentration within urban areas.
Results
The findings indicate that despite the objectives outlined in the first to fifth development plans, aimed at achieving regional and urban equilibrium, the population has consistently gravitated towards central areas at the national, regional, provincial, and urban levels. Two distinct forms of spatial population centralization have been identified. The first involves national-level centralization, primarily centered on Southern Alborz, which has exhibited enduring, widespread influence. This region has functioned as the main hub for population settlement on a national scale. The second form pertains to regional population centralization, which is comparatively weaker, situational, and limited in scope. These regional centers have served as focal points for population settlement. Provinces in the Zagros and Azerbaijan regions have continually experienced a decline in population, with southern and central Alborz regions being favored. During the initial implementation phase of the first plan, the developmental disparity between Tehran Province and the average score of the nine lower-ranking provinces was 28 times. By the time the fifth development plan was enacted, this discrepancy had decreased to 21 times. Over the course of the first to fifth development plans, urban primacy has diminished. Conversely, cities classified in the second population class (100,000-250,000) have exhibited the highest population growth rates, while cities in the middle population classes (10,000-99,999) have experienced negative population growth. Overall, the results demonstrate a slight alleviation in regional and urban imbalances within the country. The centers of concentration for the urban populace have shifted from primary cities to secondary cities. However, medium-sized cities with populations below 100,000 still face negative population growth.
Discussion and Conclusion
The urban spatial growth pattern in Iran reveals an increasing concentration of the urban population in the first and second urban classes, while lower-class cities experience a decline in population in favor of these urban centers. The results demonstrate that despite the objectives set forth in the urban development plans, focusing on strengthening medium-sized cities, the urban population has gravitated towards megapolises and larger cities with populations exceeding 100,000. By comparing the changes in Mehta's index with the levels proposed by Richardson, it is evident that Iran's urban primacy has transitioned from a state of "super-primacy" to a "primacy" level during the first to fifth development plan period. This shift indicates that the urban structure is still far from an ideal situation; however, there is a general trend towards achieving better balance within Iran. Consequently, we propose that the spatial distribution of the regional and urban population is evolving from an extreme periphery-center structure to a periphery-semi-periphery structure.
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the esteemed Professor, Dr. Gholamreza Latifi, for his invaluable guidance and advice throughout the process of writing this paper. His expertise has greatly contributed to the quality and depth of my work.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Ahmad Ghiasvand
Abstract
In contemporary times, the cultivation and advancement of libraries hold substantial importance as indicative markers of cultural progress. This research endeavors to examine the cultural and social implications arising from the establishment of a library within the Vanak village neighborhood of ...
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In contemporary times, the cultivation and advancement of libraries hold substantial importance as indicative markers of cultural progress. This research endeavors to examine the cultural and social implications arising from the establishment of a library within the Vanak village neighborhood of Tehran. The study employs a theoretical framework grounded in the human-environment perspective, focusing on three key areas of intervention: changes in the local community, leisure opportunities, and reading behavior. The ensuing analysis encompasses the assessment of social, cultural, economic, and physical consequences. Methodologically, the study employs a two-fold approach, employing thematic analysis as the primary methodology, followed by a supplementary survey method. The negative aftermath of constructing the library primarily manifests in diminished street-level safety for patrons, reduced psychological comfort of neighbors, conflicts between neighbors and library patrons, and parking space challenges for residents. Conversely, the positive ramifications encompass enhanced accessibility to the library space, improved academic performance among students, increased prosperity of businesses neighboring the project, the fortification of institutional social capital through coupling school-library connections, mitigation of social harm, and heightened cultural awareness within the neighborhood. Lastly, to mitigate adverse consequences and amplify positive effects, the study proposes four potential scenarios for future project developments: failure, compensation, welcome, and hope.IntroductionIn the majority of urban projects overseen by the Tehran Municipality, it is pertinent to surpass purely economic and urban planning considerations and instead address the environmental, social, and cultural implications. Accordingly, the Vanak village neighborhood currently features approximately two libraries in its T-1 phase. The proposed undertaking, spearheaded by the "Technical and Civil Assistant" of Tehran Region 3 municipality, entails the construction of a library in the form of a book cafe. This initiative aims to bolster cultural advancement, foster an increase in per capita reading rates, and mitigate the detrimental social effects within the T-0 stage. Consequently, this research poses a crucial query for the subsequent T+1 stage: What are the cultural, social, economic, and physical consequences of erecting a book cafe for the inhabitants of Vanak village neighborhood? Thus, the primary objective of this study is to anticipate and examine the positive and negative aftermaths associated with constructing a library at the neighborhood level in Vanak village. Such endeavors strive to enhance the efficiency and efficacy of the library's construction while concurrently fostering the improvement and development of a reading culture.Literature reviewThe conceptual framework of this study draws inspiration from the "human-environmental approach," which is substantiated by numerous theories within the domains of architecture, social environment, landscape, and environmental psychology. In accordance with the triple model of "individual-environment-local community," the social and cultural repercussions resulting from the establishment of the Vanak village library are evaluated through the lens of three key variables: the audience, the neighborhood community, and the physical environment. Subsequently, an assessment of the social, cultural, economic, and physical consequences was conducted.MethodologyBased on the pragmatism paradigm, the research design employed in this study is reflective of a mixed-method approach, specifically categorized as a "social and cultural impact assessment." To that end, the research methodology comprised two distinct stages. Initially, a thematic analysis approach was employed, entailing interviews with key stakeholders encompassing municipal managers, experts from Region Three, councilors, cultural enthusiasts, local activists, school teachers, and residents residing in close proximity to the construction site. This purposeful sampling enabled a comprehensive exploration of the needs, attitudes, and consequences associated with the construction of the Vanak village library within the Deh-E-Vanak neighborhood. Subsequently, a questionnaire-based survey method was utilized to evaluate reading behavior, social needs of the residents, and the wider implications of the project. Employing a multi-stage sampling technique, the statistical population for this phase of the study encompassed all individuals aged 12 years and above residing within the Vanak village neighborhood, who could potentially benefit from the library. Considering a desired level of precision, the sample size was estimated to be 350 respondents, employing Cochran's formula.ResultsIn this study, the scenario method was employed to forecast the potential outcomes of the development endeavors and to envision effective strategies for the Vanak village library's growth and development. Accordingly, based on varying degrees of "cultural program" implementation by the municipal authority and levels of "social participation" exhibited by the Vanak village residents, four scenarios can be projected for the project's future trajectory:Failure scenario: This scenario emerges as a consequence of a feeble cultural program executed by the urban administration of Region 3, coupled with minimal motivation and limited social engagement from the community post-library inauguration. As a result, the library space and facilities experience underutilization, ultimately leading to project instability over the long term.Compensation scenario: This scenario considers the optimal utilization of existing urban spaces owned by the Region 3 municipality. Such an approach prevents redundancy and fiscal wastage, while simultaneously fostering the cultivation of awareness and cultural enrichment among the residents of Vanak village.Reception scenario: In this scenario, characterized by the cultural maturation and advancement of the Vanak village neighborhood, the community displays embracing behavior towards the library. Consequently, the library's purpose and activities align with a "neighborhood-oriented" focus. Consequently, it becomes imperative to undertake measures encompassing people-centered interaction, motivational strategies to encourage library usage, neighborhood management techniques, and the provision of diverse ancillary activities to enhance social participation within this cultural milieu. Ultimately, this scenario fosters the successful cultivation of a reading culture.Hope scenario: This scenario illustrates the gradual familiarity and utilization of the library by diverse patrons, as per their individual needs. With sustained implementation, this situation holds potential for cultural development and the advancement of a reading culture within the Vanak village community, as well as Region 3 of the municipality. Consequently, the effects and outcomes of such an optimistic scenario, primarily driven by "specialized and extra-neighborhood activities," give rise to cultural enrichment and the widespread promotion of reading.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Saman Yousefvand; Shapour Salmanvandi; Morteza Ganji
Abstract
The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the ...
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The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the study aims to offer a realistic analysis of the local conditions and needs specific to the area, all within the context of the locality. To achieve these goals, purposeful sampling methods were employed, and data was gathered through the use of participatory observation tools and semi-structured interviews, followed by meticulous analysis using thematic analysis techniques. A total of 21 interviews were conducted across seven marginalized neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city. Following the coding process, 109 primary codes and 11 organizing themes were identified, ranging from issues such as dangerous living conditions, migrant populations, job insecurity, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited negotiating power, organizational shortcomings, confrontational management styles, perceptions of inequality, shirking of responsibilities, interventions for development, to the absence of institutional support. These findings culminated in the selection of the overarching theme of the study: "the entrapment of powerlessness and deprivation within the marginalized community." The crux of the article's argument lies in attributing the powerlessness and deprivation prevalent in Khorramabad's marginalized community to the unequal hierarchical structures within the planning and implementation systems, coupled with inefficient community organization. To ameliorate the marginalized community's circumstances, the study advocates for the adoption of a justice-centered urban governance approach and the reconfiguration of urban societal structures.
Keywords: Social Issue, Marginalization, Powerlessness, Poverty and Deprivation Trap, Urban Governance.
Introduction
Marginalization, predominantly an urban phenomenon, signifies the condition where residents lack access to the economic and official urban infrastructure, often resembling living conditions in slum areas. These marginalized communities typically form in semi-permanent or permanent settlements along rivers, railway lines, city entrances and exits, among other locations (Cahyani, D. Widaningsih, 2019). In recent years, the escalating number of marginal areas and the ensuing repercussions has propelled marginalization into a pressing challenge within the nation's planning and decision-making framework. Recognizing the gravity and repercussions of marginalization, various stakeholders such as experts, policymakers, and civil activists have scrutinized and elucidated this phenomenon through different lenses. Academic scholars and researchers delve into the causes, contexts, and consequences of marginalization; policymakers enact laws and regulations and undertake executive initiatives; while civil activists form campaigns and organizations to aid the impoverished and vulnerable populations residing in informal settlements and marginalized areas.
The predicament of marginalization gains heightened sensitivity in disadvantaged provinces like Lorestan. The prevalence of hierarchical disparities, inequities in access to resources at the macro level, soaring rates of unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and deeply entrenched ethnic and tribal biases amplify the ramifications and ramifications of this challenge within such regions. In Khorramabad city, marginalized communities are dispersed across the urban landscape, spanning central and peripheral areas, characterized by marginal infrastructure and external perceptions shrouded in pessimism, juxtaposed with the proliferation of poverty and social adversities. Addressing the issue of marginalization in Khorramabad city emerges as a pressing necessity.
Consequently, several studies have explored facets of marginalization issues (causes, contexts, and consequences) in Lorestan province. This article, employing a critical ethnographic approach and thematic analysis technique, endeavors to comprehend the predicament of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. It seeks to illuminate the predominant narratives drawn from individuals' lived experiences within these marginalized settings and, subsequently, offering a contextualized and realistic analysis tailored to the region's specific demands. Hence, this research endeavors to address fundamental questions such as: What is the marginalized community's perception of their marginalization situation? How do they interpret their experiences residing in these marginalized areas?
Literature Review
Numerous studies have delved into the realms of marginalization and informal settlements. Many of these research endeavors, adopting a survey approach, have explored the factors influencing the emergence of informal settlements and migration to the peripheries of cities (Rabbani et al., 2015; Zangiabadi and Mobaraki, 2011; Naqdi, 2012; Taleb and Yusuf-Vand, 2014; Biranvand, 2013; Mirzapur, 2014). These studies have highlighted that the socio-economic dynamics between the origin (village) and the destination play a pivotal role in shaping migration patterns and fostering the development of informal settlements. Additionally, there have been physical studies analyzing the spatial distribution of urban poverty (Mirzapour, 2014; Khodayi and Timuri, 2015).
Research in the field of marginalization boasts a rich historical background, encompassing various thematic areas. Primarily adopting a survey methodology, many of these studies have scrutinized the root causes, contexts, and repercussions of marginalization and migration. Some inquiries influenced by a physical perspective have explored aspects of marginalization and the spatial distribution of urban poverty. Others have focused on social issues, detriments, and the distinctive traits of marginalized populations. Amidst these endeavors, a scant few have approached the lives of marginalized communities through an emic lens, seeking to understand their perspectives and experiences firsthand.
Therefore, to contribute to and enhance the existing body of research, this study endeavors to elucidate and interpret the reality of marginalization through the voice of the marginalized community, aiming to enrich the scholarly discourse on this pressing issue.
Methodology
This research employs a qualitative and critical ethnographic methodology, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Critical ethnography delves into power dynamics and mechanisms of domination to examine the conditions for progress and impediments to improvement (Madison, 2012). The study utilized purposive sampling to select participants, interviewing 21 marginalized individuals across seven neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city until theoretical saturation was achieved, indicating that no new insights were forthcoming from additional interviews. Consequently, the authors utilized this sample for data analysis, ensuring a comprehensive representation. Efforts were made to encompass a diverse range of perspectives by including participants of varying genders and age groups. The research commenced with an exploratory phase involving immersion in the community under study, followed by data collection through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. This methodological approach sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized individuals within the context of their lived realities.
Results
The research findings reveal a multitude of challenges faced by marginalized and impoverished residents in the region, including insufficient income, engagement in precarious and informal work, widespread social issues (e.g., addiction, conflicts, theft), unsafe living conditions, disregard for civic responsibilities in accessing public resources, environmental degradation, inadequate housing and unauthorized construction, absence of essential amenities and services, and limited engagement in local governance. Within this study, disadvantaged communities have highlighted diverse facets of their struggles and hardships. Subsequently, the identified issues are synthesized into overarching thematic categories for presentation and analysis.
5. Conclusion
This research, adopting a critical ethnography approach and employing thematic analysis, aims to explore the circumstances and challenges faced by the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city. The research findings are presented through an analytical-thematic model, with the primary category derived from community data being "powerlessness and the entrapment of marginalization." This concept underscores the dire conditions and precarious existence of the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city, ensnared in a complex web of intertwined marginalization. Various facets of their powerlessness and deprivation intertwine to alienate them from mainstream society and official culture. This issue is rooted in the failure of organizational and administrative policies of government entities. Local residents critique the ineffectiveness, deficiencies, and incapacity of governmental institutions in managing and empowering marginalized areas. They perceive themselves as victims of unjust social policies implemented by these institutions, which have hindered societal development and neglected community needs and preferences.
Gholamreza Latifi
Abstract
Dr. Syed Mohsen Habibi
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Dr. Syed Mohsen Habibi
