Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 MA, of Architecture and Urbanism, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, of Architecture and Urbanism , Iran University of Science and Technology ,Tehran
3 Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
Abstract
In recent decades, urbanization and the rapid growth of industrialization have led to the release of high heat energy and increased air pollution in the lower atmosphere, resulting in many changes in the meteorological committees of the boundary layer of the urban atmosphere. Therefore, the present study attempts to investigate the morphological and physical factors affecting urban temperature changes in the metropolis of Tehran. The research method is currently applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method along with various quantitative and qualitative analyzes. In this study, using remote sensing tools, the temperature map of Tehran has been obtained by using Landsat satellite images, which, based on the produced map, the western part of Tehran is the area under study Has been selected and physical and morphological indicators affecting urban temperature have been obtained through documents and field surveys. Then, the relationship and correlation between urban morphology factors affecting urban temperature changes in the study areas were analyzed through classical statistical modeling and as a result of the mentioned studies, the most effective factors in increasing the air temperature in the study area were obtained
Keywords
- اراضی و جزایر حرارتی شهر تهران»، نشریه سنجش از راه دور، شماره 1: 6-39.
- امیری، رضا؛ علی محمدی، عباس و علوی پناه، سیدکاظم. (1386)، «مطالعه تغییر پذیری فضایی- زمانی حرارت در ارتباط با کاربری/پوشش زمین در منطقه شهری تبریز با استفاده از داده‌های حرارتی و انعکاسی TM و ETM+ لندست»، نشریه محیط شناسی، شماره 43: 120-107
- بهزادفر، مصطفی و منعام، علیرضا. (1389)، «تأثیر ضریب دید به آسمان در آسایش حرارتی کاربران فضای باز شهری، بررسی بوستان‌های منتخب تهران»، معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر، دوره 3، شماره 5: 2-5.
- حبیب، فرح. (1384)، شکل شناسی شهری، «دوره دکتری تخصصی شهرسازی»، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران.
- ساسان پور، فرزانه؛ ضیائیان، پرویز و بهادری، مریم. (1392)، «بررسی رابطه کاربری و پوشش اراضی و جزایر حرارتی شهر تهران»، جغرافیا (فصلنامه بین‌المللی انجمن جغرافیای ایران)، سال 11، شماره 39: 256-270.
- شمسی‌پور، علی اکبر؛ مهدیان ماهفروزی، مجتبی و حسین پور، زینب، (1391)، «واکاوی تغییرات مکانی هستۀ جزیرۀ گرمایی شهر تهران»، پژوهش‌های جغرافیای طبیعی، سال 44، شماره 3: 127-146.
- شکیبا، علیرضا و فیروزآبادی، پرویز. (1388)، «تحلیل رابطه کاربری و پوشش اراضی و جزایر حرارتی شهر تهران»، نشریه سنجش از راه دور، شماره 1: 6-39.
- صادقی نیا، علیرضا؛ علیجانی، بهلول و فیروزآبادی، پرویز. (1392)، «کاربرد تکنیک خودهمبستگی فضایی در تحلیل جزیره حرارتی شهر تهران»، نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، سال سیزدهم، شماره 30: 67-90
- عزیزی، قاسم؛ شمسی‌پور، علی اکبر؛ مهدیان ماهفروزی، مجتبی و میری، مرتضی. (1392)، «تأثیرپذیری شدت جزیره گرمایی شهری تهران از الگوهای همدیدی جو»، محیط‌شناسی، دوره 39، شماره 4: 66-55.
- علیجانی، بهلول و کاویانی، محمدرضا. (۱۳۸۲)، مبانی آب و هواشناسی، تهران: انتشارات سمت، چاپ هفتم.
- علیجانی، بهلول؛ طولابی نژاد، میثم و صیادی، فریبا. (1396)، «محاسبه شدت جزیره حرارتی بر اساس هندسه شهری موردمطالعه محله کوچه باغ شهر تبریز»، نشریه تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی، سال چهارم، شماره 3: 1- 99–112.
- محمدی، حسین. (1386)، آب و هواشناسی کاربردی، تهران: موسسه چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، چاپ سوم.
- مستوفی، رضا؛ عرفانمنش، طاهره؛ صابری، امیر و اکبری، محمدرضا، (1395)، «بررسی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر بهسازی و نوسازی بافت‌های فرسوده – تاریخی شهرلامرد»، فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه‌ای، شماره 2: 31-55
- Ackerman, Bernice. (1985). "Temporal march of the Chicago heat island." Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24, 547-554.
- Ahmed-Dennis, (2008). " A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island. "Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60019-4.
- Alobaydi- Bakarman, Obeidat. (2016). "The Impact of Urban Form Configuration on the Urban Heat Island: The Case Study of Baghdad, Iraq." Procedia Engineering, 145, 820–827.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.107
- Arnfield, A. John. (2003)." Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island." International Journal of Climatology, 23(1), 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.859
- Arsiya, Ravari and Mazloomi. M. (2015)." A Framework for Urban Morphology with Respect to the Form." Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 8(14), 91–103.
- (1993). Ashrab handbook-fundamentals, (chapters 6 and 8).
- Coseo, Paul,and Larsen. Larsen. (2014). "How factors of land use/land cover, building configuration, and adjacent heat sources and sinks explain Urban Heat Islands in Chicago." Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.019
- Fazia Ali, Toudert, and Mayer. (2007). "Effects of asymmetry, galleries, overhanging façades and vegetation on thermal comfort in urban street canyons." Journal of Solar Energy, 81(6), 742–754.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2006.10.007
- Giridharan- Ganesan,Lau. (2004). " Daytime urban heat island effect in high-rise and high-density residential developments in Hong Kong. " Energy and Buildings. 36(6), 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2003.12.016
- Giridharan- Lau- Ganesan, Givoni. (2007). "Urban design factors influencing heat island intensity in high-rise high-density environments of Hong Kong. " Building and Environment. 42(10), 3669–3684.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.09.011
- Golany, Gideon S. (1995). Ethics and urban design: Culture, form, and environment. John Wiley & Sons, 10–44
- Givoni, Baruch. (1956). Man, Climate and Architecture, Applied Science. Publishers Ltd., London.
- Hounam, C.E., (1976). "Meteorological factors affecting comfort with special reference to Alice Springs Australia." International journal of biometeorology 11, no. 2 (1967): 151-16
- Herold- Goldstein, Clarke. (2003). "Spatial Metrics and Image Texturefor Mapping Urban Land Use." 69(9), 991–1001.
- https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.69.9.991
- Hu- White, Ding. (2016). "An Urban Form Experiment on Urban Heat Island Effect in High Density Area." Procedia Engineering, 169, 166–174.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.020
- Kim, H. H. (1992). " Urban heat island." International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13, 2319–1336.
- Kim, H. H. (1992). " Urban heat island." International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13, 2319–1336.
- Kim, Yeon-Hee, and Baik. Jong-Jin. (2002). " Maximum urban heat island intensity in Seoul." Ournal of Applied Meteorology, 41, 651–659.
- Kim, Yeon-Hee and Baik. Jong-Jin. (2005). " Spatial and Temporal Structure of the Urban Heat Island in Seoul." Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44(5), 591–605.
- Kropf, Karl. (1996). " Urban tissue and the character of towns. " Urban Design International, 1(3), 247–263.
- Kuttler, Wilhelm. (2012). "Climate change on the urban scale-effects and counter-measures in Central Europe." IntechOpen e-book: London, UK.
- Landsberg, H. E. (1950). " Comfortable Living Depends on Microclimate. " Weatherwise, 3(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1950.9925196
- Landsberg, H. E. (1981). " The Urban Climate. " Academic Press, 288 PP.
- Li- Wang, Wong. (2016). "Urban Micro-climate Research in High Density Cities: Case Study in Nanjing. "Procedia Engineering, 169, 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.011
- Maller, Alexander. (1998). "Emerging urban form types in a city of the American Middle West." Journal of Urban Design, 3(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809808724422
- Mathew, Sreekumar, Khandelwal, Kumar. (2019). " Prediction of land surface temperatures for surface urban heat island assessment over Chandigarh city using support vector regression model." Solar Energy, 186(June 2018), 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.04.001
- Mir Moghtadaei, Mehta and Talebi. (2006). " The Physical Identity of the City; Case Studies of Tehran." In Building and Housin Research Center Publications.
- Montávez- Rodríguez, Jiménez. (2000). "A study of the Urban Heat Island of Granada." International Journal of Climatology, 20(8), 899.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20000630)20:8<899::AID-JOC433>3.0.CO;2-I.
- Moudon, AnneVernez. (1997a). "Urban morphology as an emerging interdis." Urban Morphology, 1(1), 3–10.
- Moughtin, Cliff, and Shirley. Peter. (2005). "Urban design: Green dimensions." In Routledge.
- Oke, Author TR, and Hannell. Glynise. (1970). "The form of the urban heat island in Hamilton, Canada." Urban Climates, 11.
- Oke, Author TR et al. (2017). " Urban climates." Cambridge University Press.
- Oke, Author TR (1973). "City size and the urban heat island." Atmospheric Environment, (1967), 7(8), 769–779.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6
- Oke,Author TR (1981). "Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: comparison of scale model and field observations." Journal of Climatology, 1, 237-254.
- Oke, Author TR (1982). "The energetic basis of the urban heat island." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108(455), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710845502
- Qiao- Tian- Zhang, Xu. (2014). "Influences of urban expansion on urban heat island in Beijing during 1989-2010." Advances in Meteorology,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/187169
- Palme-Lobato, Carrasco. (2016). "Quantitative Analysis of Factors Contributing to Urban Heat Island Effect in Cities of Latin-American Pacific Coast. " Procedia Engineering, 169, 199–206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.024
- Rezaeirad, Hadi and Rafieian. Mojtaba. (2017). "Evaluating the effects of increasing of building height on land surface temperature." J. Urban Manage Energy Sustainability, 1(1), 11–16.
- Rezaeirad, Hadi and Afzali. Narges. (2021). "Measuring effects of building orientation and vegetation on thermal comfort by Envi-met, case study: Maslak area Istanbul.". J. AlZ ITU J Faculty Architect, 2021, 11–16.
- Rezaeirad, Hadi, et al. (2021). " The quantitative assessment of the effects of the morphology of urban complexes on the thermal comfort using the PMV/PPD model (a case study of Gheytariyeh neighborhood in Tehran. " J. of Low-Carbon Technologies, 1–11
- Redberg, Johan. (1996). "Towards a Theory of Sustainability and Urban Quality. A New Method for Typological Urban Classification." In Proceedings of the Conference of the International Association for People-Environment Studies IAPS, 14, 384–392.
- Sakakibara, Yasushi . (1996). "A numerical study of the effect of urban geometry upon the surface energy budget." Atmospheric Environment, 30(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00150-2
- Salat, Serge. (2009). "Energy loads, CO2 emissions and building stocks: Morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behaviour." Building Research and Information, 37(5–6), 598–609.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210903162126
- Sanders, Paul. S. (2008). "Presenting the past: the impact of urban morphology in shaping the form of the city." In Conference papers ACSP-AESOP Fourth Joint Congress, pp. 1-8.
- Stone Jr, Brian., & Rodgers. Michael. O. (2001). "Urban form and thermal efficiency: how the design of cities influences the urban heat island effect." Journal of the American Planning, 67(urban heat island), 186.
- Stone- Hess, Frumkin. (2010). " Urban form and extreme heat events: Are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities. " Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(10), 1425–1428.
- https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901879
- Stone Lanza- Mallen- Vargo, Russell. (2019). " Urban Heat Management in Louisville, Kentucky: a framework for climate adaptation planning. " Ournal of Planning Education and Research, April, 3561--3573.
- Sun, Donglian, and Kafatos, Menas. (2007). " Note on the NDVI-LST relationship and the use of temperature-related drought indices over North America." Geophysical Research Letters, 34(24), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031485,1–16.
- Sun- Salvucci- Entekhabi, Farhadi. (2011). " Parameter estimation of coupled water and energy balance models based on stationary constraints of surface states." Water Resources Research, 47(2).
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009293.
- Trache,Hichem. (2001). "Promoting urban design in development plans: Typo-morphological approaches in Montreuil, France." Urban Design International, 6(3–4), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000052
- Taha, Haider. (1997). "Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat (pp. 99–103)." Energy and Buildings.
- Voogt, James. (2004). "Urban heat islands: hotter cities. " America Institute of Biological Sciences.
- Wienert, Uve, and Kuttler. Wilhelm. (2005). " The dependence of the urban heat island intensity on latitude-A statistical approach. " Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 14, 677–686.
- Xiao- Shen- Ge- Tateishi- Tang- Liang, Huang. (2006). " Evaluating urban expansion and land use change in Shijiazhuang, China, by using GIS and remote sensing". Landscape and Urban Planning, 75(1–2), 69–80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.12.005
- Yang- Lau, Qian. (2010). "Summertime heat island intensities in three high-rise housing quarters in inner-city Shanghai China: Building layout, density and greenery." Building and Environment, 45(1), 115–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.05.010
- Yang- Qian- Song- Zheng. (2016). "Research on Urban Heat-Island Effect. Procedia Engineering, 169, 11–1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.002.
)