Quarterly Journals of Urban and Regional Development Planning

Urban and Regional Development Planning

Examining Women's Perceived Barriers to Participation in the Reyhan Shahr Project: A Case Study of Tehran's District 12

Ahmad Dorahaki; Mozhdeh Bahari

Volume 9, Issue 30 , October 2024, Pages 1-48

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.78343.1618

Abstract

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the barriers to women's participation in the Reyhan Shahr Project of District 12 of Tehran Municipality. This research has used the qualitative method and grounded theory strategy. In-depth and semi-structured interviews with 35 participants ... Read More The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the barriers to women's participation in the Reyhan Shahr Project of District 12 of Tehran Municipality. This research has used the qualitative method and grounded theory strategy. In-depth and semi-structured interviews with 35 participants were used to collect data. The results show that the identified central phenomenon of social reconstruction is structural heterogeneity in the mentality of activists; which is a set of background conditions including: preference of individual issues over neighborhood issues, role conflict and pressure, understanding of the municipality as a service to social institution, a set of causal conditions including: lack of positive feedback from previous plans, disproportionate information, unseen issues, Ambiguity of the Reyhan Shahr plan, lack of attention to the level of capabilities of the participants, idealism instead of realism, monetization of Reyhan Shahr, ignoring social contexts, being in the process of development, complexity at the beginning of the plan, complexity during the implementation of the plan, and technology complexity The design and set of intervening conditions including: unstable plans, institutional mistrust, contemporary organizational issues and powerlessness originate in the power ladder. As a result of the set of said factors, the opinions and constructions of the activists include the lack of belief in the effectiveness of the plan and the idea that Reyhan Shahr plan is a show. Policy proposals are included in the text.Keywords: Social Projects, Women's Participation, Reyhan Shahr Project, Tehran City. Extended Abstract IntroductionWomen typically constitute approximately half of the population in any society; thus, their active participation in various domains, including social activities, is crucial for sustainable development. The involvement of women not only legitimizes urban initiatives but also contributes to their institutionalization. In recent years, one of the primary objectives of the Tehran Municipality has been to enhance women's participation in social projects. A notable platform established by the municipality is the Reyhan Shahr project, which aims to identify, empower, and leverage the capacities of social activists in the areas of women and family advocacy. Literature ReviewA review of the literature on women's participation reveals that the obstacles and factors influencing their involvement in social projects can be categorized into three overarching domains: 1) Political Factors, 2) Social Factors, and 3) Individual Factors. Within the realm of political obstacles affecting women's participation in Iran, a significant emphasis is placed on the lack of coordination and alignment in the implementation of women’s participation programs across different governmental administrations. Additionally, various studies highlight political dimensions such as satisfaction with the performance of mayors, trust in city managers, engagement in decision-making processes, and the progression from a state of non-participation to one of empowered citizenship as critical factors influencing women's involvement in social initiatives. Social factors encompass a broad spectrum of variables that impact women's participation, as detailed in the literature. Finally, individual factors include elements such as the conflict between women's domestic roles and their community participation, the geographic distance between women's residences and venues for participation-oriented activities, as well as demographic characteristics including the number of children, the presence of minor children in the household, and marital status. MethodologyThis research employs a qualitative methodology utilizing a grounded theory approach. Data collection was conducted through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 35 participants. The study is situated within District 12 of Tehran, which comprises several neighborhoods, including Shemiran Gate (population: 33,637), Iran (22,600), Baharestan (15,128), Ferdowsi (7,637), Abshar (24,186), Imamzadeh Yahya (11,318), Pamnar (2,045), Qiyam (19,355), Siros (8,855), Bazar (4,273), Sangalj (25,040), Kausar (26,623), Harandi (24,479), and Takhti (24,584), as per the most recent census data. Participants were purposefully categorized to achieve theoretical saturation and to garner nuanced insights. The first group consisted of individuals responsible for women's affairs within the municipality or those with executive roles in implementing relevant programs. The second group included individuals who have collaborated on social projects, particularly within the Reyhan Shahr initiative, and who have participated in various capacities. The third category encompassed those recognized as activists in this research, who have solely engaged in organizing social projects, especially in Reyhan Shahr. The fourth category consisted of participants who have exclusively taken part in community-oriented projects or workshops, thereby establishing themselves as active contributors to regional development. Finally, the fifth group included neighborhood residents who neither participate in workshops nor engage in community-oriented activities. ResultsThe findings indicate that the central phenomenon of social reconstruction is characterized by structural heterogeneity in the perceptions of activists. This phenomenon encompasses a range of background conditions, including a preference for individual issues over community concerns, role conflicts and pressures, and the perception of the municipality as primarily a service-oriented social institution. Causal conditions contributing to this phenomenon include a lack of positive feedback from previous initiatives, disproportionate dissemination of information, unrecognized challenges, ambiguity surrounding the Reyhan Shahr plan, and insufficient consideration of the participants' capabilities. Additionally, idealistic perspectives that overshadow pragmatic considerations, the commodification of Reyhan Shahr, neglect of social contexts, developmental complexities at both the inception and implementation phases of the plan, and technological intricacies also play significant roles. Furthermore, a set of intervening conditions—namely, unstable planning, institutional mistrust, contemporary organizational challenges, and a sense of powerlessness stemming from hierarchical dynamics—exacerbates these issues. Consequently, the collective perceptions and constructions held by the activists reflect a profound skepticism regarding the efficacy of the Reyhan Shahr initiative, with many viewing it as merely performative rather than genuinely impactful. ConclusionThe municipality must endeavor to reshape the participants' perceptions regarding their involvement in the Reyhan Shahr project. The prevailing notions that frame the initiative as merely performative or ineffective necessitate a transformation of the central construct identified in this research—the reconstruction of structural heterogeneity in participants’ understandings. This transformation arises from the contextual, causal, and intervening conditions previously discussed and requires comprehensive communication and clarification. Detailed policy proposals aimed at addressing these issues are elaborated upon in the subsequent sections of the text.

Urban and Regional Development Planning

Socio-Cultural Impact Assessment of Urban Projects: A Case Study of the Book Parklet on Fakhr Razi Street

Sattar Parvin

Volume 9, Issue 30 , October 2024, Pages 49-85

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.79364.1632

Abstract

This article seeks to evaluate the social and cultural impacts of constructing a book parklet as a small, adaptable urban space on Fakhr Razi Street. Quantitative data was gathered through a structured survey utilizing a researcher-designed questionnaire. The target population comprised pedestrians ... Read More This article seeks to evaluate the social and cultural impacts of constructing a book parklet as a small, adaptable urban space on Fakhr Razi Street. Quantitative data was gathered through a structured survey utilizing a researcher-designed questionnaire. The target population comprised pedestrians who frequented the area, with a random sample of 200 respondents selected for participation. Additionally, qualitative thematic analysis was conducted to provide further insights. The findings reveal both positive and negative effects of the parklet's development. Positively, the project facilitated the creation of a public space, particularly benefiting marginalized or "silent" groups, while fostering social ties, collaborative actions, and strengthening neighborhood and regional identity. It also enhanced community participation, a sense of belonging, and boosted nearby businesses. However, the study also highlighted challenges, such as increased traffic congestion and conflicts with local businesses, as well as instances of vandalism. These outcomes underscore the complexity of such urban interventions in balancing community benefits with unintended consequences.Keywords: Socio-Cultural Impact Assessment, Parklet, Urban Public Spaces, Social Interactions, Silent Groups. IntroductionIn contemporary urban environments, there is an increasing need for public open spaces equipped with appropriate amenities and visually appealing landscapes. Parklets, as small, interactive spaces designed alongside city sidewalks and streets, serve as a solution to this demand. The construction of parklets not only enhances the urban landscape and aesthetic quality but also encourages continuous pedestrian activity. These compact urban spaces, which offer citizens areas to meet, relax, eat, or engage socially, play a crucial role in fostering social interactions while mitigating the dominance of automobiles in the urban streetscape. This research aims to explore the key socio-cultural impacts of constructing a book-themed parklet on Fakhr Razi Street. Additionally, it seeks to identify the primary stakeholder groups involved in the parklet's development and usage.Literature ReviewSocial Impact Assessment (SIA) examines the effects of development interventions on people's everyday lifestyles and general behavior. Within this framework, parklets, as multifunctional public spaces, have a significant influence on urban life and the overall quality of life for citizens. According to Pratt, parklets are designed to provide public spaces where individuals can sit, relax, and engage with their surrounding urban environment. Drawing on a comprehensive literature review and international case studies, parklet assessment criteria can be categorized into four primary dimensions: (1) Usage, (2) User Diversity, (3) Activity Levels, and (4) Sociability of the project location. These criteria offer a holistic approach to evaluating the socio-cultural impacts of parklets on urban spaces.MethodologyThis study employs both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (thematic analysis) methodologies to comprehensively assess the socio-cultural impacts of the parklet on Fakhr Razi Street. For the quantitative component, data was collected through a structured questionnaire, with the statistical population comprising all pedestrians who have traversed the street. A sample size of 200 respondents was determined using a random sampling method to ensure representativeness. For the qualitative aspect, thematic analysis was conducted alongside semi-structured interviews. The interviewees included various stakeholders such as nearby business owners, pedestrians, special interest groups (e.g., individuals with disabilities or visual impairments), and experts from relevant organizations. In total, 20 individuals were interviewed, offering diverse perspectives on the project's implementation and its social impact. This mixed-method approach provides a robust analysis of the parklet’s effects on urban life and public space use.ResultsQuantitative Findings:The demographic analysis of the survey respondents reveals that 51.8% of participants were female, while 48.2% were male. The age distribution indicates that 21.5% of the respondents were between 15 and 25 years old, 40.5% were in the 25 to 35 age group, and 26% were aged between 35 and 45. A smaller proportion of respondents, 8.5%, were between 45 and 55 years old, with 3.5% over the age of 55. In terms of transportation methods, 12.8% of respondents traveled to Fakhr Razi Street on foot, 15.4% by private vehicle, and 37.9% via public transportation. The average walking distance reported along the sidewalks surrounding Fakhr Razi Street was 3 kilometers, suggesting that the parklet can serve as a significant resting area for pedestrians in this high-traffic zone.Qualitative Findings:The qualitative analysis reveals both positive and negative socio-cultural impacts stemming from the parklet’s construction. On the positive side, the parklet has facilitated the creation of a public space, particularly benefiting silent or marginalized groups. It has also contributed to the formation of social ties, fostered collaborative actions, and enhanced neighborhood and regional identity. Additionally, the parklet has increased participation across various demographic groups and fostered a sense of belonging to the neighborhood. The economic benefits include improvements in the performance of nearby businesses. However, some negative impacts were also identified. These include increased traffic congestion in the area and emerging conflicts between the parklet and local businesses, as well as issues related to vandalism. This complex set of outcomes underscores the multifaceted influence of such urban interventions on community life.Project Beneficiaries: Analysis of Winners and Losers levelSamplesExamples of impactsthe LosersAt the individual levelResidents of Sheikh Hadi neighborhoodAssembly of marginalized individualsPresence of disruptive individualsEmergence of social tensionsDiminished sense of peace and comfortAt the group levellow power groups (in case of disturbing groups)Loss of public space due to the congregation of inappropriate individualsDecreased pedestrian safetyStudents, local businesses, etc. (in case of disturbing groups gathering)Decrease in revenueIncreased safety risks for the businessLoss of parking availabilityAt the organizational levelMunicipality of Region 11 and associated vice-chairsDeterioration of parklet spaceAssembly of criminal elementsTehran MunicipalityDissatisfaction with the degradation of the park's urban landscapePoliceCreation of a space for disruptive individualsTraffic policeTrafficthe winnersAt the individual and group levellow power groups, especially the elderly and disabledExpansion of public spaces for relaxationNearby businessesIncreased sales and enhanced business performanceResidents of the areaImprovement of urban furniturePedestrians and commuters within the cityEnhanced services along the sidewalkAt the organizational levelDistrict 11 Municipality and Tehran MunicipalityStrengthened social legitimacy of the municipalityIncreased public trust in the municipalityStudentsCreation of a meeting spaceEnhanced sense of place attachmentPublishing collections and affiliated cultural institutionsHosting of cultural events

Urban and Regional Development Planning

The Importance of Place Attachment in Urban Management and the Role of Design Factors

Maede Hashemzade; Hasan Sadeghi Naeini; Naemeh Doniamali; Mahdiyeh Jafarnejad Shahri

Volume 9, Issue 30 , October 2024, Pages 87-125

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.78328.1627

Abstract

This study examines the impact of urban products on enhancing individuals' connection to their cities and strengthening social bonds among residents. To this end, a thorough review of the EMERALD, WOS, and EBSCO academic databases was conducted, focusing on documents published from 2013 to November ... Read More This study examines the impact of urban products on enhancing individuals' connection to their cities and strengthening social bonds among residents. To this end, a thorough review of the EMERALD, WOS, and EBSCO academic databases was conducted, focusing on documents published from 2013 to November 2022. Out of an initial 1532 articles, 14 key articles were selected for final review after several stages of evaluation. The findings showed that urban products play a significant role in increasing citizens' sense of belonging to their cities and positively influencing their quality of life and satisfaction levels. This research provides insights for urban policy-making, planning, and branding processes, emphasizing the importance of considering the role of product designers as a crucial part of urban design. These designers can help strengthen the bond between citizens and their cities and enhance social cohesion. The originality of this research lies in its systematic approach to understanding the impact of urban products on city attachment and social bonds.Keywords: City, Design, Place Attachment, Product, Urban Planning. IntroductionUrbanization has rapidly increased in recent decades, creating challenges such as population density, cultural diversity, and infrastructural demands. Addressing these challenges requires innovative urban management solutions to improve quality of life and increase citizen satisfaction. A key strategy involves using urban products—physical, cultural, and social elements that facilitate connections between citizens and their cities. These products include benches, lighting, traffic signs, artistic structures, and more, serving both practical and cultural functions. Non-physical elements, like traditions and events, also significantly impact social connections and the sense of belonging among citizens. Urban products help enhance the quality of life by fostering local culture, collective identity, and a sense of belonging, which in turn promotes social participation and cohesion. This study aims to explore the impact of urban products on social interactions and citizens' attachment to their cities by analyzing relevant academic literature.Literature ReviewIn the dynamic landscape of global communities, cities strive to distinguish themselves to achieve diverse economic, political, or socio-psychological goals. Governments often engage in crafting a unique place identity to promote to various markets, both internal and external (Kavaratzis and Ashworth, 2005). Place identity involves a mix of personal memories and emotions linked to specific locations, playing a key role in fostering a sense of attachment and belonging. It encompasses not just physical appearance but also the emotional and intellectual relationships between individuals and their communities (Isa et al., 2022).Place attachment refers to a positive emotional bond between individuals and their surroundings, involving both dependency and identity (Dada et al., 2021). People often develop attachments based on attributes like pleasantness and safety, which motivates them to stay even in unfavorable conditions (Shaykh-Baygloo, 2020). Despite its complex, context-specific nature influenced by various social and psychological elements, place attachment is increasingly recognized as vital in urban design and enhancing life satisfaction (Dasgupta et al., 2022). The sense of place combines individual perceptions with environmental characteristics, mixing subjective experiences such as memories and culture with objective elements like landscape. It reflects a deep connection people have with their environments, involving cognitive associations, emotional bonds, and the relevance of a place to personal interests (Dameria et al., 2020). Understanding these concepts is essential for urban planning, as they help cities foster a strong sense of community and belonging, enhancing the overall quality of urban life.MethodologyThis research explores how urban products can create a sense of attachment to a city and the social bond between citizens. Relevant documents from 2013 to November 2022 were reviewed using EMERALD, WEB OF SCIENCE (WOS), and EBSCO databases.Selection process:A search was conducted using the keywords "City," "Product," "Place Attachment," and "Design" in English open-access articles, resulting in an initial yield of 1,532 articles.Titles were screened to refine the selection, reducing the total to 39 articles.Abstracts were subsequently reviewed, leading to the selection of 26 articles for further consideration.A thorough examination of the full texts was performed, ultimately identifying 14 relevant articles for final analysis.ConclusionUrban planning and design are inherently interdisciplinary fields aimed at addressing citizens' needs within the framework of sustainable urban development. This research underscores the direct relationship between urban design, architectural identity, and place attachment. Urban elements, conceptualized as products, serve as critical links in the connection between the city and its inhabitants; therefore, their precise and meaningful design should be prioritized. In this context, the role of industrial designers, particularly product designers, is deemed essential. Studies have demonstrated their significant influence on enhancing urban living standards and increasing citizen satisfaction. Citizens' comprehension of urban spaces and their positive experiences within these environments are pivotal factors that must be assessed and valued to foster suitable place attachment. The quality of urban product design, encompassing a wide range of factors, plays a crucial role in ensuring citizen satisfaction and enhancing overall quality of life. Furthermore, citizens' perceptions of the city and their experiences of well-being are closely linked to the design of these urban products. The study advocates for the integration of product design into urban planning processes to create interconnected and meaningful urban environments. It is recommended that city managers and planners prioritize the involvement of product designers in the urban design process to enhance the quality of urban life and elevate resident satisfaction.

Urban and Regional Development Planning

Identifying Influential Indicators in Creating Ideal Urban Streets; Case Example: Shahid Beheshti Street, Karaj

Firouz Jafari; Rasoul Ghorbani; Sara Saheli

Volume 9, Issue 30 , October 2024, Pages 127-160

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2023.70335.1483

Abstract

Urban streets are dynamic spaces with a sense of movement, which are designed for use by pedestrians and riders, or sometimes only on foot. These spaces often do not respond properly to the needs of the people who use them, and people look at the street as a path just for riding. The purpose of ... Read More Urban streets are dynamic spaces with a sense of movement, which are designed for use by pedestrians and riders, or sometimes only on foot. These spaces often do not respond properly to the needs of the people who use them, and people look at the street as a path just for riding. The purpose of this research is to fully and comprehensively identify the effective indicators in improving the quality of city streets. This research is practical in terms of purpose and in terms of method, using the Delphi technique and the method of structural equations. By using documentary and library methods, opinions and views of experts have been summarized and presented in the form of default indicators. In the first stage, the statistical population of the research was considered to be 20 experts in the field under study. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the initial indicators were analyzed in several stages using the fuzzy Delphi technique, and the final indicators were measured for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In order to finally confirm the indicators extracted from the first stage, confirmatory factor analysis method was used to create a structural equation model. In this section, due to the unknown statistical population, using Cochran's formula, the size of the statistical population was considered to be 384 normal people. Finally, using Friedman's test, the indicators were ranked to determine the effectiveness of each one. The results of the findings are a complete identification of the effective indicators identified in improving the quality of Shahid Beheshti Street in Karaj.Keywords: Urban Streets, Street Quality, Effective Indicators, Shahid Beheshti Street, Kara. IntroductionCities are the most important and complete form of human settlement, the most important and greatest manifestation of the attitudes, values and social conditions of their inhabitants. Shahid Beheshti Karaj Street is also facing similar problems as one of the important streets of the city, which is the backbone of the city and the entire city of Karaj has been formed and grown on its basis. The plans that have been considered for this main bone of the city over the years have turned the performance of the street as an urban space into a solution to the traffic problem and less attention has been paid to the environmental and especially human aspect during the periods of its formation so far. So, in this study, we have tried to improve and turn it into a lively and active space by fully identifying the influential indicators of the quality of the street of the martyr of the garden of Karaj. This study attempts to answer this question: What are the effective indicators to improve the Environmental Quality of urban streets to create active and lively public spaces?Literature ReviewVarious indicators and factors from the views of commentators to improve the quality of urban streets have been presented so far, and this section attempts to summarize them briefly in this area from 1960 to 2020: Jane Jacobs (1961), consideration of appropriate activities before attention to the visual order of the environment/ mixed use / attention to the street element/ permeability and accessibility/ social mixing/ flexibility. Mazin Ghazi, Radi Abbas (2019); residential commercial streets (livability in the promotion of public spaces, especially Sustainable Streets). Fatemi and Tabibiyan (2019) emphasis on the social behavior of citizens, functional components of direct impact on the rehabilitation of public spaces, the possibility of selecting diverse behaviors.MethodologyThis research is practical in terms of purpose. The research method in the first phase, using the Delphi phase fan to determine the initial indicators effectively, has been used to use an interview method for 20 experts and experts, students and professors in the field of urban planning and urban design and planning. In the second phase of the study, the CFA method was used to determine the research model using AMOS software for 384 ordinary people (statistical community) using the questionnaire method. Given that the current study does not specify the volume of the statistical community of residents, employees and users of Shahid bahshti Karaj Street, the Cochran formula is used to calculate the sample volume for performing a confirmation factor analysis (CFA).Results and DiscussionAccording to the information obtained from the questionnaire, more than half of the respondents are over 40 years old. The questionnaire shows that all the people present in the study have at least a bachelor's degree, and half of them have a master's degree, which indicates the scientific and specialized level of the people participating in the research. After collecting the first round of questionnaires, the difference between the opinions of experts and the average of their opinions was sent to them. They were then asked to give their opinion again. After collecting the fourth-round questionnaires and performing the calculations, the high consensus of experts on the criteria was determined. Finally, the number of research indicators equal to the Delphi phase method was estimated at 61.The results of the Kolmogorov – Smirnov test analysis on each of the dependent and independent variables were examined. The results show the normality of independent variables (physical, spatial, environmental, social, economic, cultural, historical, health, monitoring, sensory richness and comfort).The results of the factor analysis confirming the research variables are given by AMOS software for the variables. The statistical community for the aforementioned analysis is estimated at 384 people, using the Cochran formula, due to its anonymity. According to the results, the factor loads of all indicators were higher than 3/0 and also the meaningful coefficients of the indicators were higher than 96/1, which indicates that all of them have a meaningful relationship with the component under study (physical, spatial, environmental, social, economic, cultural, historical, health, monitoring, sensory richness and comfort). The meaningful level of all indicators was also at the 99% meaningful level. Given that the kronbach Alpha numbers of all components, the composite base (internal compatibility) and AVE are all located in the corresponding range (Alpha>0.7) (physical 0.964, spatial 0.967, environmental 0.942, social 0.931, economic 0.893, cultural 0.802, historical 0.826, health 0.816, monitoring 0.752, sensory richness 0.780 and comfort 0.792), it can be confirmed the suitability of the foundational and confrontational state of the research model.At the end of the study, using the Friedman test analysis method to rank the indicators and components and dimensions mentioned in this test in the amount of statistics of 384 people in the form of a coefficient of two 316.16 and a degree of freedom 60 for indicators, a meaningful level of 0.000 was obtained, which means that the results of the Friedman test with (Sig=0.0.000) a meaningful level of less than 0.05, and as a result of the test, it is meaningful and the difference there are meaningful between indicators.In planning to improve the quality of urban streets, which is the main focus of the research, it is necessary to consider the needs and measures that increase street users. The study examines the comprehensive and complete factors that contribute to the quality improvement of Shahid Beheshti Karaj street. These indicators are divided into two environmental and human groups and analyzed.ConclusionThe results of the research show that there is a high level of meaningfulness of street quality with environmental factors, as well as street quality with human factors. The indicators of transhuman scale and visual order, materials and facade materials, the necessary points were not obtained and removed according to the analyses carried out; in contrast to the indicators of sustainable environmental quality, mixing and cultural diversity, taking into account Indigenous and regional links and listening to the past Voice, are among the indicators that were later added to the set of indicators according to the results of Delphi phase and confirmation factor analysis (CFA). In this study, we tried to complete the analysis of effective indicators in accordance with the theoretical foundations presented and analyze them using existing techniques such as, Delphi fuzzy technique, confirmation factor analysis (CFA) with Amos software and Friedman ranking test, these variables are categorized and ranked, and finally the indicators and final model of the research are presented to improve the quality of urban streets to create a lively and active environment. In the above research, it is proposed to analyze and examine these streets to improve the Environmental Quality of urban streets such as Shahid bahshti Karaj Street to turn the space into a lively and active environment, using the final indicators determined, and after determining the cases of street defects, tips should be provided for applying the above variables.

Analyzing the Relationship between Quantitative and Qualitative Criteria in Affordable Housing

Farima Faridani; Seyed-Abbas Yazdanfar; Neda Sadat Sahragard Monfared; Mehdi Khakzand

Volume 9, Issue 30 , October 2024, Pages 161-195

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.72784.1531

Abstract

As affordable housing is primarily designed with affordability in mind, qualitative and quantitative criteria are often not considered together. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the relationship between quantity and quality in affordable housing. The first step involved identifying the ... Read More As affordable housing is primarily designed with affordability in mind, qualitative and quantitative criteria are often not considered together. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the relationship between quantity and quality in affordable housing. The first step involved identifying the qualitative and quantitative criteria, their frequency, and importance coefficients using a descriptive methodology and Shannon entropy testing. Next, scoring regulations for plan analysis were developed based on design strategies derived from surveys (structured interviews). Nine selected plans in Parand New City were then evaluated by specialists in accordance with these regulations. Finally, the relationship between the area and the quality of the selected qualitative plans was analyzed. The findings revealed that the public zone plays a key role in one- and three-bedroom units, while in two-bedroom units; the service zone is of greater importance. In conclusion, contrary to common belief, increasing the area does not necessarily result in higher quality.Keywords: Affordable Housing, Quantity-Quality Relationship, Qualitative Optimization. IntroductionHousing is a multifaceted phenomenon, encompassing social, cultural, physical, economic, and other dimensions. Affordable housing is often at risk of losing quality due to an emphasis on economic considerations and quantitative optimization, such as reducing area. However, resident satisfaction is achieved through a balance of both quantitative and qualitative aspects of housing. Identifying the factors that influence quality alone is not sufficient; therefore, the research question is: what are the minimum quantitative dimensions and spatial relationships that result in maximum quality? Based on this, the aim of this research is to examine the relationship between quantity and quality in affordable housing plans.Literature ReviewIn the domain of affordable housing, various criteria exert influence, particularly the categorization of qualitative and quantitative factors. Several studies have focused on qualitative criteria. For instance, Ameri and Poudat (2021) identified three key qualitative factors: the integration of uses, flexible furniture arrangements, and spatial transparency (p. 5). Elkady et al. (2018) similarly emphasized the importance of flexible design. Brysch and colleagues, focusing on the qualitative dimensions of cooperative housing, concluded that participatory design processes significantly enhance the likelihood of improving housing affordability (Brysch & Czischke, 2022). In "The Theory of Social Sustainability and Residential Complexes," Zarghami (2017) examined the relationship between quantitative and qualitative criteria but placed greater emphasis on the quality of living spaces in relation to the built environment rather than spatial dimensions (p. 4). Rahmaniani, Memarian, and Mohammad Moradi (2021) highlighted "interior architecture" and "level of general and specialized knowledge" as the most influential factors in enhancing the quality of small-scale housing in Iran (p. 131).Research centered on quantitative criteria presents similar insights. Ajiliyan Momtaz, Rafieian, and Agha Safari (2017) identified housing size, the number of rooms, and room dimensions as essential indicators within the physical category (pp. 247, 255). Zohreh and Rezaei (2020) emphasized block size, unit size, and residential space dimensions as significant indices of residential satisfaction in mass housing developments, including affordable housing (pp. 10, 15).A critical gap in the existing literature is the insufficient exploration of how the relationship between spatial area (quantity) and housing quality functions, and how maximum quality can be achieved through specific quantitative spatial relationships. This research addresses this gap, representing a novel contribution to the field.MethodologyIn the initial phase of the study, 21 qualitative criteria were selected, drawn from a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. Content analysis was employed to determine the frequency of each criterion within the sources, and their respective importance coefficients were calculated using Shannon's entropy method. In the second phase, a survey research method was employed, whereby interview questions were formulated based on the extracted criteria. The results from these structured interviews were utilized to refine the criteria and develop a scoring rubric for plan evaluation. In the third phase, a case study approach, complemented by comparative analogy methodologies, was applied to categorize the existing housing plans in Parand New City based on quantitative criteria. Subsequently, these plans were subjected to detailed evaluation and analysis. A total of nine plan types—comprising three one-bedroom, three two-bedroom, and three three-bedroom unit plans—were assessed by specialists according to the developed scoring rubric. The scores generated from this process provided the basis for analysis and conclusions within each plan category.ResultsFor the one-bedroom units, those with areas of 59.56 and 65.00 square meters have been identified as optimal, representing the minimum area with the maximum quality. Within this range, as the overall area of the unit increases, the proportion of the public zone expands, the proportion of the service zone contracts, and the proportion of the private zone remains relatively constant. For the two-bedroom units, those with areas of 71.04 and 83.83 square meters have been selected as the most efficient plans in terms of minimum area and maximum quality. In this range, as the unit area increases, the percentage of the public and private zones diminishes, while the service zone expands. It can be concluded that, in two-bedroom units, an increase in overall area is predominantly allocated to the service zone, while the relative shares of the public and private zones decrease. For the three-bedroom units, plans with areas of 117 and 121 square meters were identified as the most effective in achieving a balance between minimal area and maximum quality. In this range, an increase in unit size correlates with an expansion of the public zone, while the private and service zones contract. Across all unit types—one-bedroom, two-bedroom, and three-bedroom—the percentage allocated to enclosed and semi-open zones remains relatively stable due to the limited presence of terraces within the unit designs. However, according to both the literature and interview findings, this distribution requires adjustment, with the semi-open zone needing to constitute at least 15% of the total unit area to align with optimal design standards.ConclusionThe results indicate that within the selected range of one-bedroom plans, the private zone plays a negligible role in influencing the total area, whether reduced or increased, while maintaining housing quality. In the selected two-bedroom units, the findings suggest that the private zone, given its larger share of the area, holds greater importance than the public zone. However, when the area of a two-bedroom unit is expanded, the additional space is primarily allocated to the service zone. In the three-bedroom unit plans, the approximate parity between the percentages of public and private zones across the first and last plans within the selected range implies that both zones hold nearly equal significance. Nevertheless, when the area increases, the expansion tends to prioritize the public zone. To optimize housing quality while minimizing area, the proportions of private, public, and service zones in residential units must adhere to specific ranges (Figure 1). For one-bedroom units, the public zone has the broadest range, accounting for up to 45% of the total area. In contrast, two-bedroom and three-bedroom units exhibit narrower ranges for the public zone percentage. The private zone occupies the highest percentage in two-bedroom units, covering up to 45% of the total area. This proportion decreases by approximately ten percent in three-bedroom units, while in one-bedroom units, the private zone remains consistently around 25%. The service zone constitutes the largest share in one-bedroom units, potentially comprising up to 50% of the total area, whereas in two- and three-bedroom units, the percentage allocated to the service zone is lower.Figure 1. Final Conclusion Graph

Urban and Regional Development Planning

Housing Social Policy in Iran: Analyzing the Impact of the Maskan-I-Mehr Program on Socio-Spatial Segregation in the Metropolitan Area of Tehran

Alireza Vaziri Zadeh; Nasrin Haghshenas

Volume 9, Issue 30 , October 2024, Pages 199-244

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.79022.1628

Abstract

Over the past three decades, market-driven dynamics have profoundly influenced the Iranian housing system, leading to significant commodification of housing. This commodification has exacerbated housing unaffordability, particularly for low-income households, despite a substantial increase in the ... Read More Over the past three decades, market-driven dynamics have profoundly influenced the Iranian housing system, leading to significant commodification of housing. This commodification has exacerbated housing unaffordability, particularly for low-income households, despite a substantial increase in the overall housing stock. Furthermore, market forces have contributed to the spatial segregation of various social groups during this period. Theoretically, state intervention in the housing market—through initiatives such as social housing programs—has the potential to enhance the affordability of formal housing and mitigate social stratification. The Maskan-i-Mehr program was conceived and implemented to address the shortcomings of the Iranian housing market. However, this social housing initiative has failed to effectively counteract the prevailing market dynamics, resulting in the emergence of numerous marginalized communities. Residents of Maskan-i-Mehr now experience heightened social and spatial segregation compared to their prior living conditions. Many have relocated from urban centers to the peripheries, where Maskan-i-Mehr estates are situated. This transition has led to the marginalization of these residents, adversely affecting their livability and overall social conditions. By focusing on the Maskan-i-Mehr developments in the new towns of Pardis and Parand, this paper seeks to evaluate how contemporary social housing programs in Iran have fostered a “new social life in new communities.” Specifically, it aims to investigate how the livability conditions for individuals who migrated to these new communities have significantly transformed.Keywords: Market-based Dynamics, Maskan-i-Mehr Program, Marginalization, Social-Spatial Segregation, Metropolitan Area of Tehran. IntroductionOver the past three decades, the Iranian housing system has experienced substantial changes; however, it has largely failed to adequately address the housing needs of many low-income households. A critical issue lies in the inappropriate commodification of the formal housing market, which has overlooked the fundamental requirements of disadvantaged demographics. This oversight has resulted in a persistent deficit of affordable and adequate housing options. Despite a significant expansion in the housing stock, a considerable unmet demand persists, leading to a pronounced housing gap. Market-driven dynamics have exerted considerable influence on the Iranian housing landscape during this period, with commodification rendering housing increasingly unaffordable, particularly for low-income families. Additionally, these market forces have contributed to the spatial segregation of various social groups. Theoretically, state intervention through social housing programs could mitigate the adverse impacts of market dynamics, reconfigure existing institutions, and enhance overall housing affordability.The Maskan-i-Mehr program was established to address these housing deficiencies and to fulfill the unmet needs of the population. Initiated in the mid-2000s, in the wake of increased oil revenues, the program aimed to provide affordable housing for economically marginalized families. However, despite the construction of over two million housing units, the program's effectiveness has been limited. Bureaucratic inefficiencies and deregulation have led to the re-commodification of Maskan-i-Mehr housing, thereby restricting access for many low-income households. The 2013 deregulation marked a significant shift towards free-market principles, heavily influenced by powerful real estate interests, further complicating the housing landscape. While Maskan-i-Mehr introduced a distinct housing segment separate from informal practices, it has also engendered new communities characterized by unique social dynamics. Residents often encounter a markedly altered quality of life compared to their previous circumstances. This paper contends that the peripheral locations of these communities have contributed to both spatial segregation and social isolation.This article explores two interrelated questions: First, how has the Maskan-i-Mehr program exacerbated spatial and social segregation in Tehran and its peripheries? Second, what social tensions have emerged within these newly established communities? To address these inquiries, it is imperative to analyze the social strata and economic conditions of Maskan-i-Mehr residents and to understand how their relocation has transformed their everyday social interactions.Literature ReviewThe theoretical framework of this article integrates various concepts pertinent to social and spatial segregation. We commence by reviewing the concept of segregation as it is defined within contemporary urban sociology. Following this foundational discussion, we engage with relevant theories that investigate the effects of segregation on the livability and social quality of affected communities.Spatial segregation emerges as an inescapable phenomenon within market-based economies. In numerous contemporary cities globally, the dynamics of capitalism act as primary catalysts for the perpetuation of social-spatial segregation across both urban and regional contexts. When these market dynamics operate unchecked, the process of segregation is exacerbated, resulting in pronounced socio-economic divides.In market-driven economies, housing is commodified, rendering it one of the most significant and costly assets for the average household. This commodification results in higher-quality housing and more desirable locations being accessible primarily to affluent families. Over time, the forces of market dynamics foster a gradual categorization of neighborhoods according to specific social classes, thereby entrenching disparities in access to resources and opportunities. As wealthier families occupy more desirable areas, low-income households are increasingly relegated to segregated neighborhoods characterized by inadequate essential services. This spatial marginalization ultimately detrimentally affects their quality of life and social mobility.MethodologyThis article utilizes the ASID analytical model to investigate the dynamics of socio-spatial segregation within the metropolitan area of Tehran, particularly as they relate to the Maskan-i-Mehr program. Developed by Moulaert and Jessop (2007) as part of the DEMOLOGOS project, the ASID model—encompassing "Agency," "Structure," "Institution," and "Discourse"—serves as a methodological framework for comprehending the complexities inherent in urban and regional development. It enables a multi-scalar analysis of socio-economic restructuring and institutional transformations.By employing the ASID framework, this article seeks to identify the factors within Iran's housing system that have influenced and reshaped the spatial order of urban environments, while also assessing whether the Maskan-i-Mehr program has exacerbated these spatial dynamics. The objective is to elucidate the behaviors, or the absence thereof, during the program's implementation that have contributed to the segregation of communities in both Tehran and its peripheral areas. In the context of contemporary Iranian urban development, segregation is evident through the emergence of distinct communities that are populated by different social classes based on income levels.To evaluate the impacts of social-spatial segregation, this study specifically examines the Maskan-i-Mehr estates situated in the new towns of Pardis and Parand. These locations are particularly significant as they represent the two largest Maskan-i-Mehr estates in Iran, making them ideal case studies. The research methodology involved extensive fieldwork, encompassing in-depth interviews and surveys to capture various dimensions of social life within these new communities. Through this empirical approach, the article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the social dynamics at play in the Maskan-i-Mehr developments and their role in reinforcing or challenging existing patterns of segregation.Results & DiscussionIn this article, we argue that the social dynamics within the new communities established by the Maskan-i-Mehr program occupy a complex intersection of formality and informality. Unlike informal market housing, which is characterized by its responsiveness to the economic needs of low-income families and its flexible construction processes, Maskan-i-Mehr lacks these defining features. While the program is constructed and regulated within a formal framework, it has nonetheless contributed to the marginalization and peripheralization of its residents—conditions typically associated with informal housing in Iran. Moreover, the quality of housing provided under this program is frequently substandard, and residents often face significant barriers to accessing essential services.This article also investigates how the proliferation of social housing in the peripheral areas of Tehran over the past decade has reshaped the socio-spatial landscape of the city. We examine the notion of a "new social life" among middle-income families residing in Maskan-i-Mehr projects, critically assessing whether the program has genuinely improved their living conditions in regions such as Pardis and Parand.Central to our analysis is the tension experienced by these residents as they navigate conflicting demands arising from their adaptation to an environment that markedly differs from their previous living situations. Our findings indicate that the livability and overall quality of social life for individuals who have relocated to Maskan-i-Mehr have, in fact, deteriorated. This decline is intricately linked to the socio-spatial segregation encountered by these inhabitants, thereby illuminating the complexities inherent in their new community life.ConclusionThe marginalization experienced by residents of the Maskan-i-Mehr program, while less severe than that seen in many informal settlements on the periphery of Tehran, has nonetheless resulted in a level of social and spatial segregation that these individuals had not encountered prior to their relocation. Many of the program’s residents transitioned from urban areas to peripheral communities, a move that has had a detrimental impact on their livability and social well-being. Maskan-i-Mehr constitutes approximately 7% to 9% of Iran's overall housing stock and has fostered the emergence of a "new social life" within its communities, a phenomenon previously unseen in the country. This program has effectively created a lower tier within the formal housing market, which can be conceptualized as a "twilight segment." This segment occupies a liminal space between formal and informal housing, exhibiting a complex duality that reflects the intertwined characteristics of both market types. This "twilight segment" underscores the blurred boundaries between regulated formal housing and the marginalized conditions often associated with informality.

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https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.76147.1593

Abstract

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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.79215.1631

Abstract

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Urban and Regional Development Planning

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https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.79715.1637

Abstract

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Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 07 September 2020

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2020.11550

Abstract

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https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.80953.1647

Abstract

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Abstract

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Abstract

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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2024.81817.1659

Abstract

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