Urban and Regional Development Planning
roghayeh bakhshandeh; korosh afzali; mohamadhadi almasi
Abstract
In recent decades, the establishment and use of bicycles has become popular in many cities of the world, and the birth of shared bicycle systems has actually increased its prosperity. Despite this issue, the use of this strategy in the system and management of intra-urban transportation in Iranian cities ...
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In recent decades, the establishment and use of bicycles has become popular in many cities of the world, and the birth of shared bicycle systems has actually increased its prosperity. Despite this issue, the use of this strategy in the system and management of intra-urban transportation in Iranian cities is less visible. The aim of this research; is Investigating the public acceptability of using bicycles in the small town of Aq Qala. The approach of this research is qualitative with the logic of deductive reasoning and its nature is survey research. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used and a sample size of 400 people was used. Based on this, the findings of the research show low efficient of public acceptance of bicycle use and significant weaknesses in the social dimensions of bicycle use in the city of Aq Qala and the lack of significant confirmation of the correlation coefficients of variables such as “attitudes”, “Injunctive norms” and even “perceived usefulness” with the behavior variable. In this context, the lack of belief in the bicycle as a means of travel is seen, and the attitude of sports to the bicycle is more visible. The results of the multiple linear regression test of the research also indicate the significance of the whole model and the existence of a relationship between the socio-psychological variables of the research as well as significance of the three affecting variables of awareness (+0.292), descriptive norms (+0.243) and individual affectivity (-0.312) with the adjusted
Urban and Regional Development Planning
firouz jafari; rasoul ghorbani; sara saheli
Abstract
Urban streets are dynamic spaces with a sense of movement, which are designed for use by pedestrians and riders, or sometimes only on foot.These spaces often do not respond properly to the needs of the people who use them, and people look at the street as a path just for riding.The purpose of this research ...
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Urban streets are dynamic spaces with a sense of movement, which are designed for use by pedestrians and riders, or sometimes only on foot.These spaces often do not respond properly to the needs of the people who use them, and people look at the street as a path just for riding.The purpose of this research is to fully and comprehensively identify the effective indicators in improving the quality of city streets.This research is practical in terms of purpose and in terms of method, using the Delphi technique and the method of structural equations.By using documentary and library methods, opinions and views of experts have been summarized and presented in the form of default indicators.In the first stage, the statistical population of the research was considered to be 20 experts in the field under study.Based on the results of the questionnaire,the initial indicators were analyzed in several stages using the fuzzy Delphi technique, and the final indicators were measured for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.In order to finally confirm the indicators extracted from the first stage, confirmatory factor analysis method was used to create a structural equation model. In this section, due to the unknown statistical population, using Cochran's formula, the size of the statistical population was considered to be 384 normal people. Finally, using Friedman's test, the indicators were ranked to determine the effectiveness of each one.The results of the findings are a complete identification of the effective indicators identified in improving the quality of Shahid Beheshti Street in Karaj.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
hadi barghamadi; Simin Zamani
Abstract
Leisure and recreation are an integral part of the daily life. Governments should provide a healthy environment to meet this need by creating recreational and cultural centers. This research tries to identify the possible effects of the construction of the city theater [before the action] by looking ...
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Leisure and recreation are an integral part of the daily life. Governments should provide a healthy environment to meet this need by creating recreational and cultural centers. This research tries to identify the possible effects of the construction of the city theater [before the action] by looking into the future. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question, what effects will the construction of Karaj city theater have and how can we reduce possible negative effects and increase its positive effects? Is. The methodological approach of this research is a combination, and quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data and information. In line with the objectives of the research, the effects identified in 5 social, cultural, environmental-physical, economic and psychological dimensions have been categorized and the importance of each variable has been determined by using the opinions of experts (Delphi method). Cultural tension, the prolongation of the construction process, the presence of prostitutes, beggars and child labor, the change of design and the predominance of commercial use, the opposition of some institutions and organizations, the increase in the cost of construction and maintenance, robbery and theft, the increase in housing rent, air pollution and noise, gathering of criminals and mobs, monopolization of space for the benefit of a certain group and reduction of security, increase in hawking, quarrels and conflicts, and decrease in the sense of social belonging and depopulation of the neighborhood and decrease in citizen satisfaction has been identified as the risks of this project.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
jamaleddin honarvar; mokhtar rostami; maryam aznab; faezeh taheri sarmad
Abstract
Living spaces in each region have been formed under the influence of the cultural, environmental, social, historical and political origins of that region. A person is placed in the cradle before being thrown into the world. The city of Paveh in the north of Kermanshah province contains many valuable ...
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Living spaces in each region have been formed under the influence of the cultural, environmental, social, historical and political origins of that region. A person is placed in the cradle before being thrown into the world. The city of Paveh in the north of Kermanshah province contains many valuable houses that are more than three thousand years old, and these houses are designed in such a way that they are mostly stepped and according to the topography and slope of the land. It is made. This research was done with the aim of knowing the physical and spatial elements in the traditional houses of Paveh city. By examining these elements, the factors that are effective in the formation of the form and physical and spatial elements of the traditional houses of Paveh city were identified. In this research, through the study of the existing historical conditions, the qualitative method and the descriptive-analytical method, and through the means of interviews with the officials and residents of Paveh city, as well as the review of documents and documents; observation and mapping; Photographing and documenting the samples have been used. The target community was selected in a purposeful way and by snowball sampling method from cultural heritage officials and residents of Paveh city. An interview was arranged for each of the selected groups and the answers were presented in detail and classified in the results section. The results of this research show that the interior spaces of Paveh traditional houses have several different
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Hassan Hoveizavi; Hamid Saberi; Mehri Azani; Fereshte Ahmadi
Abstract
Third places, as one of the most obvious arenas of identity,culture, and civilization, are a suitable platform for finding a comprehensive view of the quality of urban environments and citizens' quality of life. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of urban third places in the environmental ...
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Third places, as one of the most obvious arenas of identity,culture, and civilization, are a suitable platform for finding a comprehensive view of the quality of urban environments and citizens' quality of life. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of urban third places in the environmental quality of Ahvaz City.This research was conducted with a quantitative approach, using a survey method and relying on library-documentary studies in 1402 in Ahvaz City. The statistical population is all the citizens of Ahwazi (885,000 people) in 2015, which were evaluated using Cochran's formula of 390 people as a sample size and randomly using a researcher-made questionnaire. ANOVA tests, regression analysis, one-sample t-tests, path analysis, etc. were used to analyze the data. The findings show that all 10 investigated indicators were higher than the base average(3). It was also determined in the regression model that the predictor variables explain(R2=0.741) the variance of the criterion variable(environmental quality).And region6(average 4.08) was superior to the other 8 regions of Ahvaz in terms of environmental quality. The results showed; The quality of the environment and the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Ahvazi with the third places of the city, according to the local culture of the residents of this city, has a close relationship with the state of the third places of this city(with a factor load of 0.722). As environmental quality decreases due to various factors; It can affect many third places of this city as turning points of human societies.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
seyyed mohammadmahdi Hosseinikia; Leila Medghalchi; Aida Maleki; Parisa Hashempour
Abstract
Most spatial research is done using quantitative or qualitative research methods and techniques such as observation or survey, and their results clarify part of the spatial dimensions. The question of finding the right way to analyze a space has always occupied the minds of researchers. The aim of this ...
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Most spatial research is done using quantitative or qualitative research methods and techniques such as observation or survey, and their results clarify part of the spatial dimensions. The question of finding the right way to analyze a space has always occupied the minds of researchers. The aim of this research is the comparative analysis of two methods of spatial syntax, which focuses on spatial structure, and the project approach for public spaces (PPS), which focuses on the quality of spaces through defined indicators such as sociability, accessibility, uses and activities, comfort, and image. has, which makes it possible to understand the socio-cultural characteristics of the studied area. This research uses these two methods to measure the spatial quality of the market of the historical city of Tabriz. Quantitative values of spatial syntax include integration, connectivity, and comprehensibility as data measuring the spatial quality of the market. As a result of this study, there are differences between the results of the PPS method and the spatial structure analysis data. This difference enables the identification of qualitative parameters that are dependent and independent of the spatial configuration. Through this combined approach, the effect of spatial configuration on spatial quality is investigated. At the end of this study, it is concluded that the combination of these two methods can provide a new alternative approach for comprehensive and reliable results in measuring the quality of spaces.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Marjan Golipour; Pouyan Shahabian; Behnaz Aminzadeh Goharrizi
Abstract
The recent developments and the speed of construction in cities and the subsequent disorder in the appearance of urban spaces require a more careful look at the issue of the urban landscape and at a smaller level the issue of the urban landscape.In order to provide solutions for improving the quality ...
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The recent developments and the speed of construction in cities and the subsequent disorder in the appearance of urban spaces require a more careful look at the issue of the urban landscape and at a smaller level the issue of the urban landscape.In order to provide solutions for improving the quality of facades of residential buildings, Tehran city was chosen due to the experience of forming facade committees in the last decade in the municipal structure. According to the level of effectiveness and performance, the effective actors were classified into two categories: urban management (decision-making, decision-making, and executive) and inclusive stakeholders (land, design, construction, public). Research data were identified, coded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach and semi-structured in-depth interviews with influential people (urban management category). Therefore, the axes hidden in the text, the emphasized topics, the most used terms, the causes, the contexts and the current conditions of facade management and its improvement solutions were obtained from each of the interviews and by showing the hidden systems and recurring patterns. Conceptual models and maps were created.The analysis of the results determined the factors affecting the appearance of residential buildings in the order of importance including "documentary", "management and legal", "social", "design (designers)", "technology", "theoretical", "economic" and "executive". and the solutions for improving facade quality include a hierarchical structure with the aim of providing key information to effective groups (actors) and based on a broad perspective of criteria.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Aliakbar Salaripour; Arman Hamidi; Alieh Faridi Foshtomi,; Amir Hosein Nourbakhsh
Abstract
The current research is descriptive-quantitative. In order to collect information with the aim of measuring the impact of the degree of attachment to the city as well as the individual characteristics of the citizens on the occurrence of pro-environmental behaviors among the citizens, a number of 402 ...
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The current research is descriptive-quantitative. In order to collect information with the aim of measuring the impact of the degree of attachment to the city as well as the individual characteristics of the citizens on the occurrence of pro-environmental behaviors among the citizens, a number of 402 questionnaires were completed by the residents of Rasht city. The data obtained from the questionnaires were quantitatively entered into the SPSS software and then modeling and analysis of the findings were done using the Smart PLS3 software. The results of the research showed that, contrary to expectations, there is no effective relationship between the indicators of individual attachment to the place, place of birth, length of residence and level of education on the environmental protection behaviors of citizens; But on the other hand, the modeling results showed that in the first step, the environmental protection behaviors of the citizens have the most connection and effectiveness with the social attachment of the citizens to the place or the city, and there is a significant link between these two variables, so this variable It can be an important factor in the formation and direction of citizens' minds in order to support the environment of their city. Then, in the next step, a number of individual characteristics of citizens, including age and marital status, also affect the environmental protection behaviors of citizens, and there is a direct relationship between them.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Saman Yousefvand; Shapour Salmanvandi; Morteza Ganji
Abstract
The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the ...
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The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the study aims to offer a realistic analysis of the local conditions and needs specific to the area, all within the context of the locality. To achieve these goals, purposeful sampling methods were employed, and data was gathered through the use of participatory observation tools and semi-structured interviews, followed by meticulous analysis using thematic analysis techniques. A total of 21 interviews were conducted across seven marginalized neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city. Following the coding process, 109 primary codes and 11 organizing themes were identified, ranging from issues such as dangerous living conditions, migrant populations, job insecurity, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited negotiating power, organizational shortcomings, confrontational management styles, perceptions of inequality, shirking of responsibilities, interventions for development, to the absence of institutional support. These findings culminated in the selection of the overarching theme of the study: "the entrapment of powerlessness and deprivation within the marginalized community." The crux of the article's argument lies in attributing the powerlessness and deprivation prevalent in Khorramabad's marginalized community to the unequal hierarchical structures within the planning and implementation systems, coupled with inefficient community organization. To ameliorate the marginalized community's circumstances, the study advocates for the adoption of a justice-centered urban governance approach and the reconfiguration of urban societal structures.
Keywords: Social Issue, Marginalization, Powerlessness, Poverty and Deprivation Trap, Urban Governance.
Introduction
Marginalization, predominantly an urban phenomenon, signifies the condition where residents lack access to the economic and official urban infrastructure, often resembling living conditions in slum areas. These marginalized communities typically form in semi-permanent or permanent settlements along rivers, railway lines, city entrances and exits, among other locations (Cahyani, D. Widaningsih, 2019). In recent years, the escalating number of marginal areas and the ensuing repercussions has propelled marginalization into a pressing challenge within the nation's planning and decision-making framework. Recognizing the gravity and repercussions of marginalization, various stakeholders such as experts, policymakers, and civil activists have scrutinized and elucidated this phenomenon through different lenses. Academic scholars and researchers delve into the causes, contexts, and consequences of marginalization; policymakers enact laws and regulations and undertake executive initiatives; while civil activists form campaigns and organizations to aid the impoverished and vulnerable populations residing in informal settlements and marginalized areas.
The predicament of marginalization gains heightened sensitivity in disadvantaged provinces like Lorestan. The prevalence of hierarchical disparities, inequities in access to resources at the macro level, soaring rates of unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and deeply entrenched ethnic and tribal biases amplify the ramifications and ramifications of this challenge within such regions. In Khorramabad city, marginalized communities are dispersed across the urban landscape, spanning central and peripheral areas, characterized by marginal infrastructure and external perceptions shrouded in pessimism, juxtaposed with the proliferation of poverty and social adversities. Addressing the issue of marginalization in Khorramabad city emerges as a pressing necessity.
Consequently, several studies have explored facets of marginalization issues (causes, contexts, and consequences) in Lorestan province. This article, employing a critical ethnographic approach and thematic analysis technique, endeavors to comprehend the predicament of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. It seeks to illuminate the predominant narratives drawn from individuals' lived experiences within these marginalized settings and, subsequently, offering a contextualized and realistic analysis tailored to the region's specific demands. Hence, this research endeavors to address fundamental questions such as: What is the marginalized community's perception of their marginalization situation? How do they interpret their experiences residing in these marginalized areas?
Literature Review
Numerous studies have delved into the realms of marginalization and informal settlements. Many of these research endeavors, adopting a survey approach, have explored the factors influencing the emergence of informal settlements and migration to the peripheries of cities (Rabbani et al., 2015; Zangiabadi and Mobaraki, 2011; Naqdi, 2012; Taleb and Yusuf-Vand, 2014; Biranvand, 2013; Mirzapur, 2014). These studies have highlighted that the socio-economic dynamics between the origin (village) and the destination play a pivotal role in shaping migration patterns and fostering the development of informal settlements. Additionally, there have been physical studies analyzing the spatial distribution of urban poverty (Mirzapour, 2014; Khodayi and Timuri, 2015).
Research in the field of marginalization boasts a rich historical background, encompassing various thematic areas. Primarily adopting a survey methodology, many of these studies have scrutinized the root causes, contexts, and repercussions of marginalization and migration. Some inquiries influenced by a physical perspective have explored aspects of marginalization and the spatial distribution of urban poverty. Others have focused on social issues, detriments, and the distinctive traits of marginalized populations. Amidst these endeavors, a scant few have approached the lives of marginalized communities through an emic lens, seeking to understand their perspectives and experiences firsthand.
Therefore, to contribute to and enhance the existing body of research, this study endeavors to elucidate and interpret the reality of marginalization through the voice of the marginalized community, aiming to enrich the scholarly discourse on this pressing issue.
Methodology
This research employs a qualitative and critical ethnographic methodology, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Critical ethnography delves into power dynamics and mechanisms of domination to examine the conditions for progress and impediments to improvement (Madison, 2012). The study utilized purposive sampling to select participants, interviewing 21 marginalized individuals across seven neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city until theoretical saturation was achieved, indicating that no new insights were forthcoming from additional interviews. Consequently, the authors utilized this sample for data analysis, ensuring a comprehensive representation. Efforts were made to encompass a diverse range of perspectives by including participants of varying genders and age groups. The research commenced with an exploratory phase involving immersion in the community under study, followed by data collection through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. This methodological approach sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized individuals within the context of their lived realities.
Results
The research findings reveal a multitude of challenges faced by marginalized and impoverished residents in the region, including insufficient income, engagement in precarious and informal work, widespread social issues (e.g., addiction, conflicts, theft), unsafe living conditions, disregard for civic responsibilities in accessing public resources, environmental degradation, inadequate housing and unauthorized construction, absence of essential amenities and services, and limited engagement in local governance. Within this study, disadvantaged communities have highlighted diverse facets of their struggles and hardships. Subsequently, the identified issues are synthesized into overarching thematic categories for presentation and analysis.
5. Conclusion
This research, adopting a critical ethnography approach and employing thematic analysis, aims to explore the circumstances and challenges faced by the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city. The research findings are presented through an analytical-thematic model, with the primary category derived from community data being "powerlessness and the entrapment of marginalization." This concept underscores the dire conditions and precarious existence of the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city, ensnared in a complex web of intertwined marginalization. Various facets of their powerlessness and deprivation intertwine to alienate them from mainstream society and official culture. This issue is rooted in the failure of organizational and administrative policies of government entities. Local residents critique the ineffectiveness, deficiencies, and incapacity of governmental institutions in managing and empowering marginalized areas. They perceive themselves as victims of unjust social policies implemented by these institutions, which have hindered societal development and neglected community needs and preferences.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Amin Alipour; Mahmoud Sharepour
Abstract
Since the inception of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) in 2007, numerous residential complexes have been erected nationwide. Housing initiatives, beyond their fundamental role of shelter provision, are essential in addressing the social welfare of inhabitants, encompassing dimensions such as ...
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Since the inception of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) in 2007, numerous residential complexes have been erected nationwide. Housing initiatives, beyond their fundamental role of shelter provision, are essential in addressing the social welfare of inhabitants, encompassing dimensions such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. A decade following the initial housing allocations, an examination of the social ramifications of the IMHP is warranted. Diverse studies on the IMHP conducted across various Iranian cities indicate a prevalent dearth of satisfaction among residents residing in IMHP complexes. Notably, these complexes vary in ownership structure – state-owned versus self-owned – and geographical location – within or outside urban boundaries. Consequently, this study aims to compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents in state-owned and self-owned housing, both within and beyond urban limits. The investigation focused on 13 IMHP complexes in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar, employing quantitative methodologies. Through the application of a stratified sampling approach, 346 questionnaires were administered within these complexes. Non-parametric statistical analyses, including the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were utilized to assess variable discrepancies across distinct complexes and explore the relationships between these variables. Noteworthy findings reveal that residents in IMHP complexes situated within urban boundaries exhibit heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and belonging compared to their counterparts in complexes located outside urban perimeters, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance. Conversely, no significant variation was observed between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the aforementioned dimensions.
Keywords: Iran’s Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP), Sense of Belonging, Sense of Security, Sense of Satisfaction.
Introduction
The implementation of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) since 2007 has led to the development of diverse residential complexes across the country. These complexes are found in a variety of settings, ranging from metropolitan areas to small towns and villages, touristic and non-touristic cities, as well as within and outside urban boundaries. Furthermore, these complexes exhibit variations in their ownership structure, with some being constructed by the public sector and others by the private sector. Consequently, a notable heterogeneity exists among these residential developments.
In addition to the provision of shelter, housing endeavors must also address the social welfare needs of residents, including aspects such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate and compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents residing in IMHP residential complexes. These variables are inherently subjective in nature and are contingent upon the unique characteristics and dynamics of each complex. With a decade having passed since the initial allocations of housing units, it is an opportune time to scrutinize these subjective dimensions among residents.
Central to this inquiry is the exploration of significant differences that may exist among various IMHP complexes concerning the sense of security, satisfaction, and belonging experienced by their residents. The aim is to assess the extent of variability across these essential social indicators and delve into the nuances that shape the residential experiences within different IMHP complexes.
Research Question(s)
- Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes in Babol and Babolsar regarding the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging experienced by residents?
- Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes located within and outside the city boundaries in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging perceived by residents?
- Do significant differences exist between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging reported by residents?
Literature Review
The concept of security encompasses various dimensions, including economic security, food security, political security, health security, environmental security, individual security, and social security (United Nations Development Program, 1994: 24). This study specifically focuses on individual and social security, representing a sense of security experienced by individuals. The sense of security is a subjective notion that encompasses feelings of safety and freedom from fear (Bollens, 2008).
Satisfaction can be defined through both subjective and objective indicators. Subjective indicators may include the quality of neighborhood relationships (Choudhury, 2005; Amerigo & Aragones, 1997; Galster & Hesser, 1981), while objective indicators may comprise the quality of the residential environment (Fleury-Bahi et al., 2008; Liu, 1999). However, satisfaction is fundamentally subjective as it can be influenced by an individual's ideals or life purposes (Galster, 1987, p.539). Consequently, within the same housing setting, individuals may exhibit varying levels of satisfaction.
The "sense of belonging" is molded by a complex interplay of factors that foster an individual's attachment to their neighborhood and its inhabitants. This bond between an individual, their residential environment, and the community deepens and evolves over time (Norberg-Schulz, 1997; Altman & Low, 1992; Rapoport, 1990; Hummon, 1992; Shamai, 1991; Tuan, 2001; Relph).
Several studies have been conducted on Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) in various Iranian cities, indicating a general trend of low satisfaction among residents of IMHP complexes (Nouri Imani et al., 2019; Mahmoudi & Vahid, 2019; Mohammadzadeh, 2016).
Methodology
This research employed quantitative methods to investigate 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes located in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar. Through the implementation of a stratified sampling methodology, a total of 346 questionnaires were distributed within these complexes. Non-Parametric tests, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were employed to compare variables across different complexes and to explore the relationships between these variables.
Results
The data depicted in the graph presented below elucidate the status of the three variables under investigation across the 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes. To address the research inquiries, these three variables were amalgamated to form a composite variable termed the subjective index score.
- The results obtained from the Mann-Whitney test reveal that the subjective index score of the IMHP complexes in Babol surpasses that of Babolsar, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance.
- Findings from the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that the subjective index score of IMHP complexes situated within the municipal boundaries is markedly higher than those located outside, with this contrast also demonstrating statistical significance.
- In accordance with the Mann-Whitney test analysis, no noteworthy distinction is evident in the subjective index scores between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes.
Figure 1. sense of security, satisfaction and belonging in the IMHP complexes
Conclusion
The outcomes of the study underscore the significance of the geographical placement of Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes in shaping the subjective index score, encompassing feelings of security, satisfaction, and belonging among residents. It appears that residing in residential complexes situated in non-touristic cities within their perimeters is associated with heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. Conversely, the type of ownership, whether state-owned or self-owned, does not seem to yield a substantial distinction in the aforementioned subjective measures within IMHP complexes.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments are extended to Dr. Morteza Jaberi Moghadam, Dr. Ahmad Reaei, Ali Sobati, and Bahram Akbarzadeh for their invaluable assistance and unwavering support.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Negar Khiabanchian; Masoumeh Khameh; Hasan Sajadzadeh; Shima Eslampour
Abstract
Focusing on the spatial resilience of urban squares, a key component of urban infrastructure, plays a crucial role in maintaining the vitality, identity, and defining characteristics of cities. Addressing how social and physical factors contribute to spatial resilience through scholarly investigation ...
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Focusing on the spatial resilience of urban squares, a key component of urban infrastructure, plays a crucial role in maintaining the vitality, identity, and defining characteristics of cities. Addressing how social and physical factors contribute to spatial resilience through scholarly investigation is paramount in urban research. The study at hand is both developmental and applied in its approach, utilizing a mixed-methods research design encompassing qualitative and quantitative techniques. The qualitative segment involved establishing a conceptual framework through comprehensive literature review, employing observational tools, interviews, and questionnaires to elucidate and scrutinize the factors at play. The quantitative analysis utilized software (City Engine) to assess correlations. Noteworthy findings highlight the significance of the cultural aspects of urban square central structures in bolstering spatial resilience through social factors. Moreover, the research underscores that enhancing physical connectivity positively impacts social indicators. The interdependence of social and physical elements in shaping spatial resilience is apparent, as they mutually reinforce each other and compensate for deficiencies in specific indicators.Keywords: Urban Square, Spatial Resilience, Social Factors, Physical Factors, Integration. IntroductionThe primary objective of this article is to address the following key research inquiries: 1) What specific physical and social factors and components influence the spatial resilience of significant urban squares? 2) What is the current level of spatial resilience indicators in prominent urban locales? To tackle these questions, a comprehensive analysis integrating both qualitative and quantitative physical and social indicators was conducted to elucidate the components contributing to spatial resilience in urban squares. This research delves into the examination of various factors that have played a pivotal role in bolstering the resilience of urban squares within three focal squares in Hamedan city. The outcomes of this study hold relevance for public and urban development initiatives aimed at enhancing the design and functionality of urban squares, thereby fostering environments with heightened levels of spatial resilience.MethodologyThis investigation serves a practical and developmental purpose as a comparative study and analysis, falling within the realm of qualitative research. Drawing upon library resources, documentation, observational techniques, case studies, and participatory interview methodologies, the research seeks to elucidate the factors influencing the spatial resilience of three prominent urban squares—specifically, Imam Square, Bu Ali Square, and Baba Taher Square in Hamedan. The study aims to identify the physical and social constituents contributing to the resilience of these urban spaces and formulate a model for spatially resilient environments. To facilitate comprehensive data collection, a combination of library research, documentary analysis, on-site observations, and participatory interviews were employed. Initially, qualitative analyses were conducted through meticulous investigation, observation, and description of parameters and characteristics within the aforementioned squares. Subsequently, utilizing the Minnesota method, interviews were conducted with frequent users of the spaces to gain insights into their perceptions and experiences. The target demographic comprised individuals who regularly engaged with these squares on a daily or weekly basis. Recognizing that certain influential parameters in physical and social analyses may elude direct observation, interviews were instrumental in capturing nuanced components. Findings were synthesized based on data retrieved from various sources, including user experiences, observations of pedestrian flows in key pathways surrounding the squares, and layered information analysis techniques.Results & DiscussionUpon scrutinizing the quantitative results, it has been discerned that the correlation coefficient values for all three studied urban squares are notably high, predominantly attributable to the social dimension and human presence, thereby enhancing spatial resilience. This study employed a quantitative test to evaluate correlation values on a macro level, alongside a qualitative explanatory approach for environmental analysis within the sample domains. The quantitative test was instrumental in complementing the insights derived from qualitative explanations, revealing that while the correlation indices at the macro level were nearly identical for Bu Ali Square and Baba Taher Square, disparities in their local integration significantly influenced the social presence within these two spaces. This observation underscores the interplay between quantitative correlation analysis and the qualitative measure of social presence. For instance, the bustling human activity at Bu Ali Square, situated near the city center, functions as a focal point due to its diverse functionality and ability to cater to the daily requirements of users and residents.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the significance of both physical and social components in determining the spatial resilience of an urban square, thus substantiating the initial hypothesis posited in this study regarding the pivotal role played by the amalgamation of physical and social factors in spatial resilience. Optimal spatial resilience in an urban setting, such as a square, necessitates a harmonious blend of functionality, physical structure, symbolic meaning, and social engagement. Examination of the constituent elements and sub-elements discussed in both the qualitative and quantitative segments of this research elucidates the mutually reinforcing relationship between the social and physical dimensions, whereby factors conducive to physical well-being ultimately contribute to enhanced social interaction, thus elevating the overall spatial resilience. In essence, the reciprocal influence between the physical and social dimensions is paramount in bolstering spatial resilience.Moreover, a square's ability to endure and maintain its spatial resilience amidst physical transformations and developments is contingent upon fostering acceptance, shared memory, and a sense of social belonging among the populace. When the social fabric weaves a tapestry of connection and belonging, it effectively sustains and surpasses physical alterations. Noteworthy is the pivotal role played by architectural structures imbued with cultural significance and responsive to social needs in fortifying the spatial resilience of an urban square. The results highlight that while spatial integration significantly impacts the formation and sustenance of social networks, other factors such as the diversity of functions, integration of uses, the presence of primary and secondary activities along access paths to the square, and the cultivation of a distinct sense of place through thoughtful design and community engagement all wield substantial influence. Evidently, deliberate planning to encourage social interaction and a sense of communal ownership plays a decisive role in shaping the vibrant social life and spatial resilience of urban squares.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Farzaneh Hadafi; Ali Sarrafi Nik
Abstract
The intricate interplay between individuals and their surrounding environment has been a focal point in the realm of environmental psychology for quite some time. Various environmental factors, functional elements and services, as well as the intrinsic identity and social connectivity fostered ...
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The intricate interplay between individuals and their surrounding environment has been a focal point in the realm of environmental psychology for quite some time. Various environmental factors, functional elements and services, as well as the intrinsic identity and social connectivity fostered by a location collectively shape human perceptions and emotions. This phenomenon is particularly noteworthy in historical settings and neighborhoods. Consequently, the present investigation seeks to explore the influence of environmental perception and place attachment on place satisfaction within the historical enclave of Nobar in Tabriz. The research enlisted a sample of 320 randomly selected residents and business proprietors aged 18 and above, who responded to a series of questionnaires including the Place Attachment Scale devised by Lewicka, the Place Satisfaction Scale formulated by Yuksel and colleagues, and the Modified Bounito et al. Scale aimed at gauging various facets of environmental perception. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all variables attained satisfactory levels, affirming the tools' construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was employed to scrutinize the relationships and repercussions of the variables, with the Sobel test utilized to ascertain the significance of mediating influences. The outcomes unveiled a notable direct correlation between place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction. Nonetheless, no significant mediating effects were observed among the variables of place attachment and environmental perception. The findings underscore that human evaluations and perceptions of a locale are intricately tied to cognitive and sensory experiences that engender positive sentiments towards the place.
Keywords: Place Attachment; Environmental Perception; Place Satisfaction; Mediator Variable; Nobar Neighborhood.
Introduction
In the domain of urban planning and management, there is an evident prevalence of technocratic and dehumanized ideologies that often prioritize physical, technical, and quantitative considerations over qualitative, humanistic, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions (Matlabi, 2006; Zebardast & Baniamerian, 2010). Nonetheless, in the context of environmental assessments, individuals tend to place a higher value on the qualitative aspects of the environment rather than on quantitative and physical parameters (Matllebi, 2006; Zebardast & Baniamerian, 2010). The satisfaction of residents within a neighborhood is intricately linked to the neighborhood's capacity to address the physical and social requirements of its inhabitants (Ciorici & Dantzler, 2019; Özkan et al., 2019) alongside their assessments of the qualitative and psychological attributes of the neighborhood (Fernández-Portero et al., 2017; Jeong & Kim, 2020).
The level of satisfaction with a particular place is influenced by the emotional connections and psychological perceptions that individuals harbor towards that locale. Various factors such as place attachment, sense of place, social bonds, and place identity contribute to the formation of what is known as place attachment (Aliakbarzadeh Arani et al., 2021; Lee & Jeong, 2021; Hadafi & Sarrafi Nik, 2022; Arbab et al., 2015; Azizi & Arbab, 2010). Place attachment denotes a personal sentiment towards a specific location or community (Lewicka, 2010; Yuksel et al., 2010; Dang & Weiss, 2021; Aleshinloye et al., 2020) and evolves from individuals' accumulated interactions within the physical and social milieus of an environment (Von Wirth et al., 2016). Notably, place attachment can be categorized into two dimensions: social and physical attachment (Hidalgo & Hernandez, 2001; Hernandez et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2021; Scannell & Gifford, 2014).
It is plausible to argue that the three variables of place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction play pivotal structural roles, both directly and indirectly, in shaping the experiences, emotions, behaviors, and attitudes of citizens towards diverse locales. These interrelations can be comprehended through the scrutiny and analysis of data gleaned from fieldwork and the lived experiences of individuals. Consequently, an earnest endeavor has been made to amass and elucidate the requisite empirical insights regarding the correlations among these variables within a historic precinct of Tabriz city, utilizing a theoretical framework extrapolated from academic literature and employing field survey methodologies.
Research Question(s)
1) What is the relationship between place attachment and environmental perception?
2) To what extent does place attachment serve as a significant predictor of satisfaction with a place?
3) To what extent does environmental perception act as a significant predictor of satisfaction with a place?
4) Does the environmental perception variable act as a mediator in the association between place attachment and satisfaction with a place?
5) Does the place attachment variable act as a mediator in the association between environmental perception and satisfaction with a place?
Methodology
The current research employed a survey methodology and applied a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to analyze the data (Little et al., 2022; Schumacker, 2022). The study population encompassed all individuals, aged 18 years and above, residing or operating businesses within the Novbar neighborhood of Tabriz. Both residents and business proprietors were included in the sample selection process. The rationale behind incorporating business owners alongside residents stemmed from the significant involvement of many neighborhood business proprietors in commercial activities within the area for an extended duration, hence, they could be regarded as integral to the neighborhood's demographics. Despite their diverse residential locales, a substantial portion of their daily routines unfolds within this neighborhood, wherein the location of their businesses intricately molds their social interactions and networks.
While an absolute consensus on the sample size in structural modeling-based methodologies remains elusive, various scholars advocate for a minimum sample size of 200 (Kline, 2023). To ensure a robust statistical representation of the neighborhood, 350 individuals were chosen as the sample from the overall population. Due to certain questionnaire anomalies and incomplete responses, data from 320 respondents were ultimately utilized for analysis.
The survey questions were meticulously formulated with reference to fundamental sources such as the Place Attachment Scale by Lewicka, the Place Satisfaction Scale by Yuksel and colleagues, and the Modified Bounito et al. Scale, to assess distinct facets of environmental perception. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all variables demonstrated satisfactory levels of internal consistency, while confirmatory factor analysis affirmed the construct validity of the research instruments. Structural equation modeling was deployed to scrutinize the relationships and effects of the variables, with the Sobel Test utilized to gauge the significance of mediating influences. The results revealed a notable direct correlation between place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction. Nevertheless, none of the variables pertaining to place attachment and environmental perception exhibited a statistically significant mediating effect. The outcomes imply that human assessments and perceptions of a place are intertwined with cognitive and sensory experiences that cultivate positive sentiments towards the locale.
Conclusion
The findings of the study underscore a substantial correlation between place attachment and environmental perception, corroborating the research outcomes of Daneshpour et al. (2009), Arbab et al. (2015), and Azizi & Arbab (2010). These scholarly works have posited that components such as the sense of place, social ties, and place identity wield significant influence in shaping environmental perception. Positive sentiments and appraisals towards locations appear to harmonize with personal experiences and the historical affiliations of individuals with said locales (Hosseini & Saberi, 2022; Zangeneh et al., 2018). Factors like human attachment to places (Lewicka, 2008; Peng et al., 2022; Farhad et al., 2021) also emerge as pivotal determinants in this context.
The reciprocal and mutually reinforcing rapport between environmental perception and place attachment implies that each facet has the potential to fortify the other, either directly or indirectly. This dynamic intimates that the level of contentment and convenience individuals derive from a place, alongside their access to its amenities, constitute significant dimensions of environmental quality and are intertwined with their attachment to these environs (Zamanzadeh Darban, 2017; Abbaszadeh et al., 2016).
This nexus assumes heightened significance within the historic precinct of Novbar, given that historical sites often encapsulate profound historical and cultural worth. These connotations can evoke a profound sense of place among individuals. Additionally, historic locales typically evoke favorable sentiments and opinions owing to the architectural splendor, natural panoramas, open expanses, or the serenity and constancy that these sites impart to individuals.
Furthermore, with none of the variables related to place attachment and environmental perception demonstrating a notable mediating effect on the establishment of a link with satisfaction regarding the place, it can be posited that these variables exert a direct influence on place satisfaction. Each of these variables independently and decisively contributes to elucidating fluctuations in the satisfaction with the place construct.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Sayyed Jalal Aldin Hosseini; Azita Rajabi; Afshin Safahan; Aliasghar Rezvani
Abstract
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) represents a significant facet of sustainable urban planning aimed at addressing urban traffic challenges through the strategic expansion of public transportation systems. District 11 within the municipality of Tehran exemplifies a central locality grappling ...
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Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) represents a significant facet of sustainable urban planning aimed at addressing urban traffic challenges through the strategic expansion of public transportation systems. District 11 within the municipality of Tehran exemplifies a central locality grappling with substantial traffic congestion and a multitude of challenges within its urban transportation network. This study endeavors to scrutinize the prospects of TOD implementation in District 11, with a focus on transforming the prevailing car-centric environment into a more human-centered space. Utilizing TOD indicators as evaluative benchmarks, the study seeks to gauge the district's current status and assess its potential for TOD integration. Employing an applied descriptive research approach, data acquisition via extensive literature review and document examination is conducted. Subsequent analysis is performed utilizing ArcGIS software, with methodologies such as the Kindal coefficient and Analytical Hierarchy Process facilitating data interpretation. Findings indicate a promising foundation for TOD implementation in District 11; however, the current setting lacks the necessary capacity to evolve into a fully-realized TOD hub. Addressing this shortfall necessitates comprehensive alterations in the area's spatial configurations to enable its transition into a robust TOD nucleus.
Keywords: Public Transportation, Tehran City, District 11 of Tehran, TOD.
Introduction
In light of the adverse repercussions of urban sprawl and the overreliance on private automobiles, contemporary urban planning has increasingly shifted its focus towards human-centered methodologies that prioritize pedestrian amenities, safety considerations, and overall societal well-being. A pivotal aspect of this paradigm shift is the strategic elevation of public transportation systems and associated reforms to foster sustainable urban environments. Globally recognized as a transformative approach in urban planning, transit-oriented development has emerged as a beacon of innovation, particularly in burgeoning cities plagued by spatial inadequacies and heightened urban densities. This progressive approach endeavors to optimize public transportation efficiency, reclaim thoroughfares from vehicular dominance, and nurture communities designed with human experiences at the core.
The prevailing oversight in transportation planning has exacerbated disparities between supply and demand, exacerbating challenges in densely populated urban locales. This study delves into the meticulous evaluation of transit-oriented urban transportation metrics within Tehran's District 11, benchmarking them against international best practices while appraising their potential to serve as the scaffolding for transit-oriented development initiatives. Key considerations such as the density of transit stations, accessibility metrics, pedestrian infrastructure quality, road network configurations, block dimensions, intersection densities, land-use diversity, and residential unit densities play a pivotal role in this evaluation.
Recognizing transportation as a linchpin for sustainable urban progress, the research underscores its profound impact on social dynamics, economic vitality, and environmental sustainability. It advocates for a holistic appraisal of transportation systems as an imperative requisite for nurturing sustainable urban developments.
Literature Review
In a scholarly inquiry conducted by Khazaei (2018) on the analysis and assessment of sustainable urban transportation indicators, a comprehensive array of 39 economic, social, and environmental metrics were employed to evaluate the sustainability of transportation within the purview of planning management bodies. Subsequently, Piran et al. (2019) undertook a study utilizing structural equation modeling techniques to analyze sustainable urban transportation indicators, focusing on Tehran Metro Lines 1 and 2. Their findings underscored that, from the citizens' perspective, physical indicators associated with quality of life emerged as the most significant drivers of change within sustainable urban transportation frameworks, whereas the accessibility metrics to densely populated areas exhibited minimal impact in comparison.
Barari (2020) delved into an investigation of the efficacy of green economy components within urban transportation strategies, with Sari city as a case study. Leveraging a multi-criteria decision-making model, specifically the DEMATEL phase, Barari determined that the sub-criteria of development and non-motorized transportation wielded the most substantial weight and direct influence, thereby exerting a pivotal role in advancing green transportation initiatives within Sari city.
Moreover, the scholarly discourse encapsulated in the works of Litman (2015), Levin et al. (2016), Ovink et al. (2017), Noland et al. (2017), Ma et al. (2018), and others underscores the paramount significance of transportation as a foundational element in shaping urban landscapes. These scholars advocate for a paradigm shift towards human-centric environments over vehicle-centric spaces, thereby addressing critical human mobility concerns.
Additionally, Chen et al. (2022) propounded a methodology for assessing the resilience of urban transportation systems through the lens of economic, social, organizational, and technological dimensions. Their proposed framework aims to furnish managers and decision-makers with a comprehensive comprehension of transportation resilience, thereby elucidating its practical import in fortifying the foundations of a sustainable urban transportation system.
Moreover, Tiwaree et al. (2023) undertook a meticulous exploration into the principles of transportation development, with a particular emphasis on form analysis within two distinct study areas. Their study meticulously examines the economic and social characteristics intertwined with travel patterns, striving to establish a cogent linkage between urban form and the potential benefits engendered by the ethos of public transportation-oriented development.
Methodology
The present study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach in its delineation and application. Comprising two distinct stages, namely a comprehensive literature review and subsequent field investigation, the research endeavor unfolds intricately. Initially, a meticulous compilation of theoretical underpinnings pertinent to transit-oriented development norms was systematically amassed through a rigorous examination of both internal and external scholarly sources, alongside a thorough review of antecedent studies. Leveraging a synthesis and critical analysis of these scholarly insights, a series of ranking tables were meticulously crafted. These tables were predicated upon a diverse set of criteria encompassing the number of stations, station accessibility, pedestrian pathway quality, proximity to major hubs, network street configuration, block dimensions, intersection density, land-use diversity, activation of urban edges, district classification, and residential unit density. Subsequently, the meticulously developed standards were then applied to assess the current status of the designated study areas through a judicious application of statistical tools and sophisticated software methodologies, with a particular emphasis placed on Geographic Information System (GIS) software, notably ARC GIS 10.3. This technological arsenal facilitated the evaluation and cartographic representation of the intricate road network structures within the study area, notably Zone 11, a pivotal locale situated at the heart of Tehran. Encompassing a land expanse of 12 square kilometers, Zone 11 constitutes approximately 1.8% of Tehran's total terrain and shares its boundaries with Zones 6, 10, 12, 16, and 17. Renowned for hosting a plethora of critical political, economic, and educational institutions, including foreign embassies, military installations, and bustling markets, Zone 11 emerges as a strategically imperative locale that attracts a substantial footfall of visitors. The area's allure is further accentuated by its rich historical legacy and vibrant cultural milieu, with a profusion of iconic landmarks and cultural hubs dotting its landscape. The confluence of major thoroughfares, central squares, and the bustling railway station engenders a daily flurry of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, with an estimated two million passengers traversing through the area routinely. The coexistence of antiquated garages and architectural marvels, alongside esteemed cultural edifices such as theaters, Unity Hall, and the Cultural Axis of the Revolution, lends a distinctive charm to Zone 11, mandating concerted urban development and reinvigoration initiatives for its sustained growth and vitality.
Results
Drawing upon the established benchmarks set forth by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policies (ITDP) for scrutinizing criteria governing public transport development, this evaluation centers on three pivotal indicators pertaining to land-use mix. The analysis hinges on delving into the array of land-use typologies surrounding public transport nodes, utilizing a hybrid methodology that melds quantitative assessments with qualitative insights. Tables 1 and 2 encapsulate the nuanced land-use profiles characterizing Zone 11 in the urban matrix of Tehran, offering a detailed exposition of the prevailing landscape.
Evidently, both demarcated zones exhibit a consonance with the four delineated land-use categories, albeit showcasing varying degrees of quality and intensity across these domains. Within Zone 11, the domain earmarked for transport and storage commands a dominant presence, constituting a substantial 37% of the terrain, with administrative facilities accounting for an additional 6%, thereby collectively claiming over 40% of the land area. Meanwhile, residential land utilization emerges as the predominant feature, commanding a significant 44.51%, whereas commercial activities occupy a modest 5.96%, with educational establishments occupying a minor 1.78% share. Such a diverse mosaic underscores a heterogeneous blend of land uses within the locale.
However, the diagnostic evaluation intimates a discernible lacuna in the facilitation of conducive conditions for public transport augmentation, primarily a result of the pervasive prevalence of land-use categories that deviate from the overarching objective of serving as pivotal origins and destinations for commuting endeavors. This discrepancy assumes significance, particularly in light of the critical adjacency of pivotal amenities and infrastructural nodes such as markets, railway hubs, and medical facilities situated beyond the purview of the immediate study terrain, thus warranting a recalibration of the existing urban fabric to harmonize with the imperatives of efficient public transport infrastructure.
Table 2. Land-use Density in Tehran Zone 11
Land Use Type
Area
Percentage
Density
Residential
95.536
51.44
22.37
Commercial
91.71
9.65
9.92
Educational
55.21
7.81
8.90
Higher Education
35.4
3.60
1.80
Cultural
21.7
6.00
3.00
Religious
41.6
5.40
2.60
Tourism
87.1
1.50
0.80
Healthcare
5.19
6.11
8.10
Recreational
4
3.30
1.60
Sports
2.3
2.50
1.20
Administrative
13.24
2
1
Table 2. Entropy Index Results
Zone 11 Tehran
A
InA
A*InA
Residential
0.31
1.34
0.32
Commercial
0.06
-3.16
-0.75
Administrative
0.3
-0.61
-0.42
Open Space
0.14
-1.28
-0.298
∑Σ
1
-
-1.058
The outcomes of the entropy index analysis substantiate a notable degree of constancy in land use amalgamation within the studied context. By heeding the prescriptions outlined in Tehran's overarching urban blueprint for Zone 11 and aligning with the envisaged shifts in land use dynamics, the region stands poised to ascend towards a more optimal equilibrium by operationalizing the recommended land use configurations. Such strategic interventions hold promise in fostering the realization of a public transport-centric development agenda, underpinned by a judicious calibration of land use patterns conducive to enhancing the overall fabric of the urban milieu.
Discussi0on
The scholarly research conducted in Zone 11 of Tehran scrutinizes the pertinent development metrics concerning transit-oriented urban transportation. Findings exhibit a spectrum of adherence to global benchmarks, characterized by instances of relative congruence alongside notable disparities. The investigation discerns latent prospects for the region to metamorphose into a pivotal locus of transit-oriented development, underscored by the imperative of effecting sweeping spatial transformations. Strategic directives encompass the augmentation of commercial and recreational diversification in the proximity of transit nodes, the amelioration of economic vitality, and the prioritization of seamless public transportation integration. Remedial actions entail the overhaul of road infrastructures, the optimization of pedestrian realms, and the implementation of meticulous transit-oriented development blueprints. While certain locales may encounter impediments in effecting land use modifications, others proffer auspicious conditions conducive to assuming the mantle of transit-oriented nuclei.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Ahmad Ghiasvand
Abstract
In contemporary times, the cultivation and advancement of libraries hold substantial importance as indicative markers of cultural progress. This research endeavors to examine the cultural and social implications arising from the establishment of a library within the Vanak village neighborhood of ...
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In contemporary times, the cultivation and advancement of libraries hold substantial importance as indicative markers of cultural progress. This research endeavors to examine the cultural and social implications arising from the establishment of a library within the Vanak village neighborhood of Tehran. The study employs a theoretical framework grounded in the human-environment perspective, focusing on three key areas of intervention: changes in the local community, leisure opportunities, and reading behavior. The ensuing analysis encompasses the assessment of social, cultural, economic, and physical consequences. Methodologically, the study employs a two-fold approach, employing thematic analysis as the primary methodology, followed by a supplementary survey method. The negative aftermath of constructing the library primarily manifests in diminished street-level safety for patrons, reduced psychological comfort of neighbors, conflicts between neighbors and library patrons, and parking space challenges for residents. Conversely, the positive ramifications encompass enhanced accessibility to the library space, improved academic performance among students, increased prosperity of businesses neighboring the project, the fortification of institutional social capital through coupling school-library connections, mitigation of social harm, and heightened cultural awareness within the neighborhood. Lastly, to mitigate adverse consequences and amplify positive effects, the study proposes four potential scenarios for future project developments: failure, compensation, welcome, and hope.IntroductionIn the majority of urban projects overseen by the Tehran Municipality, it is pertinent to surpass purely economic and urban planning considerations and instead address the environmental, social, and cultural implications. Accordingly, the Vanak village neighborhood currently features approximately two libraries in its T-1 phase. The proposed undertaking, spearheaded by the "Technical and Civil Assistant" of Tehran Region 3 municipality, entails the construction of a library in the form of a book cafe. This initiative aims to bolster cultural advancement, foster an increase in per capita reading rates, and mitigate the detrimental social effects within the T-0 stage. Consequently, this research poses a crucial query for the subsequent T+1 stage: What are the cultural, social, economic, and physical consequences of erecting a book cafe for the inhabitants of Vanak village neighborhood? Thus, the primary objective of this study is to anticipate and examine the positive and negative aftermaths associated with constructing a library at the neighborhood level in Vanak village. Such endeavors strive to enhance the efficiency and efficacy of the library's construction while concurrently fostering the improvement and development of a reading culture.Literature reviewThe conceptual framework of this study draws inspiration from the "human-environmental approach," which is substantiated by numerous theories within the domains of architecture, social environment, landscape, and environmental psychology. In accordance with the triple model of "individual-environment-local community," the social and cultural repercussions resulting from the establishment of the Vanak village library are evaluated through the lens of three key variables: the audience, the neighborhood community, and the physical environment. Subsequently, an assessment of the social, cultural, economic, and physical consequences was conducted.MethodologyBased on the pragmatism paradigm, the research design employed in this study is reflective of a mixed-method approach, specifically categorized as a "social and cultural impact assessment." To that end, the research methodology comprised two distinct stages. Initially, a thematic analysis approach was employed, entailing interviews with key stakeholders encompassing municipal managers, experts from Region Three, councilors, cultural enthusiasts, local activists, school teachers, and residents residing in close proximity to the construction site. This purposeful sampling enabled a comprehensive exploration of the needs, attitudes, and consequences associated with the construction of the Vanak village library within the Deh-E-Vanak neighborhood. Subsequently, a questionnaire-based survey method was utilized to evaluate reading behavior, social needs of the residents, and the wider implications of the project. Employing a multi-stage sampling technique, the statistical population for this phase of the study encompassed all individuals aged 12 years and above residing within the Vanak village neighborhood, who could potentially benefit from the library. Considering a desired level of precision, the sample size was estimated to be 350 respondents, employing Cochran's formula.ResultsIn this study, the scenario method was employed to forecast the potential outcomes of the development endeavors and to envision effective strategies for the Vanak village library's growth and development. Accordingly, based on varying degrees of "cultural program" implementation by the municipal authority and levels of "social participation" exhibited by the Vanak village residents, four scenarios can be projected for the project's future trajectory:Failure scenario: This scenario emerges as a consequence of a feeble cultural program executed by the urban administration of Region 3, coupled with minimal motivation and limited social engagement from the community post-library inauguration. As a result, the library space and facilities experience underutilization, ultimately leading to project instability over the long term.Compensation scenario: This scenario considers the optimal utilization of existing urban spaces owned by the Region 3 municipality. Such an approach prevents redundancy and fiscal wastage, while simultaneously fostering the cultivation of awareness and cultural enrichment among the residents of Vanak village.Reception scenario: In this scenario, characterized by the cultural maturation and advancement of the Vanak village neighborhood, the community displays embracing behavior towards the library. Consequently, the library's purpose and activities align with a "neighborhood-oriented" focus. Consequently, it becomes imperative to undertake measures encompassing people-centered interaction, motivational strategies to encourage library usage, neighborhood management techniques, and the provision of diverse ancillary activities to enhance social participation within this cultural milieu. Ultimately, this scenario fosters the successful cultivation of a reading culture.Hope scenario: This scenario illustrates the gradual familiarity and utilization of the library by diverse patrons, as per their individual needs. With sustained implementation, this situation holds potential for cultural development and the advancement of a reading culture within the Vanak village community, as well as Region 3 of the municipality. Consequently, the effects and outcomes of such an optimistic scenario, primarily driven by "specialized and extra-neighborhood activities," give rise to cultural enrichment and the widespread promotion of reading.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Shahram Salamati Gabalo; Rasoul Ghorbani; Iraj Teymouri
Abstract
With the global surge of urbanization and population growth, the well-being of children within modern urban developments has been largely overlooked, necessitating an urgent need for attentiveness towards their needs in cities. Consequently, the assessment of urban neighborhoods in terms of child-friendly ...
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With the global surge of urbanization and population growth, the well-being of children within modern urban developments has been largely overlooked, necessitating an urgent need for attentiveness towards their needs in cities. Consequently, the assessment of urban neighborhoods in terms of child-friendly city components becomes an essential area of research. This study employs a survey method to evaluate the dimensions and components associated with a child-friendly city. Utilizing a cluster-spatial sampling approach, ten neighborhoods from five regions of Ardabil are selected as representative samples (two neighborhoods per region). A total of 400 researcher-developed questionnaires are then distributed proportionally based on the population of each selected neighborhood. The collected data is subsequently analyzed using one-sample t-statistics in SPSS software, as well as multi-criteria decision-making models to prioritize the neighborhoods according to the research criteria. The findings reveal distinctive characteristics of child-friendly city dimensions and components across the various neighborhoods of Ardabil. Interestingly, when comparing the dimensions, the environmental-physical and organizational-managerial dimensions emerge as the most problematic areas within the studied neighborhoods. Additionally, it is noteworthy that despite the inherent spatial disparities between neighborhoods, Neighborhood No. 1 in District 4 and Neighborhood No. 3 in District 2 of Ardabil Municipality exhibit greater challenges compared to other neighborhoods under investigation.
Introduction
With the rapid global urbanization and population growth, the well-being of children has been largely overlooked in modern urban planning and development. Consequently, there is a pressing need to prioritize the consideration of children in urban environments like never before. Thus, it becomes imperative to conduct an in-depth investigation into the state of neighborhoods within the city of Ardabil, specifically in relation to the key indicators and criteria of a child-friendly city. This study aims to assess and prioritize the neighborhoods based on their adherence to these criteria, aiming to provide an accurate depiction of their current state and identify those in most need of improvement.
To address the research inquiries and establish a logical framework, the following assumptions were formulated:
- The nature of the components that contribute to a child-friendly city varies across different localities within Ardabil city. Of these components, the dimensions pertaining to physical and management are anticipated to pose the greatest challenges in the investigated areas, as evident from comparative examination.
-The ranking of different neighborhoods of Ardabil city are different in terms of the components of a child-friendly city.
Literature Review
Permanasari et al. (2019) conducted a study entitled "Political pattern of public space in creating a child-friendly city in Jakarta," which emphasizes the significance of employing a bottom-up participatory approach in fostering heightened utilization and engagement among children.
In their research titled "Child-friendly city survey focusing on children's health," Brown et al. (2019) underscore the influence of the environment on children's well-being. Accordingly, they assert the necessity for cities to possess comprehensive knowledge concerning the factors that impact children's health. Furthermore, it is imperative to prioritize understanding and promoting interactions between children and their environment, thereby enhancing their overall health.
Examining the role of child-friendly urban structures in neighborhood development, Ahmadi et al. (2018) present their findings in an article entitled "Evaluation of the role of child-friendly city structure in the realization of development: case study of neighborhoods in Yazd city." Their research demonstrates significant variation in child-friendly city indicators within Yazd city, with certain neighborhoods exhibiting a high level of prosperity while others languish at a considerably lower level. Safaiyeh neighborhood emerges as the most prosperous, securing the top rank in the city. Conversely, Fahadan, Mahdiabad, Sajjadiyeh, Amirabad, and Kashtargah neighborhoods are positioned at the bottom, highlighting their limited prosperity.
In their study on "Evaluation of child-friendly city indicators in Mashhad metropolis," Kharazmi et al. (2019) reveal the impact of these indicators and discern a discrepancy between the current state and the desired outcomes. The analysis uncovers a significant gap concerning access to play areas, green spaces, and vital services, suggesting the need for noteworthy improvements in these localized indicators within the context of Mashhad.
Methodology
The present study adopts an applied research design with a descriptive-analytical nature. Spatial cluster sampling was employed to randomly select 10 neighborhoods, comprising two neighborhoods from each of the five regions in Ardabil city, to serve as the sample. The target population for this research consists of households with children residing in the selected neighborhoods. To determine the appropriate sample size for the questionnaire, Cochran's statistical population formula was utilized, considering a 95% confidence level. As a result, 380 households were initially determined; however, to ensure increased accuracy, the sample size was expanded to 400 households. The distribution of the questionnaire was proportional to the number of households in each neighborhood. The evaluation of the problematic conditions of Ardabil city's neighborhoods regarding the components of a child-friendly city was conducted using the t-test. Subsequently, in the Excel environment, various multi-criteria decision-making models, including Topsis, Vicor, Electre, and Copeland integration model, were employed to rank the ten selected neighborhoods from the five regions of Ardabil city based on their problematic status in relation to the components of a child-friendly city. The selection of weights for the criteria was determined using Shannon's entropy method.
Results
The findings indicate significant variations among the localities within Ardabil city concerning the identified issues. Upon comparing the dimensions, it was observed that the organizational-management and environmental-physical dimensions exhibited the highest frequency of confirmation, thus suggesting their prominence as the most problematic dimensions across the studied localities. Moreover, employing multi-criteria decision-making models unveiled that Neighborhood No. 1 in Region 4 of Ardabil Municipality exhibited the highest number of neighborhood issues, primarily associated with concerns related to environmental-physical, cultural-social, and organizational-management aspects. On the other hand, Neighborhood No. 10 in Region 2 of Ardabil Municipality showcased the lowest number of neighborhood issues when compared to the other localities. It is essential to note that the localities examined in this research were selected based on their adherence to the dimensions and components of a child-friendly city.
Conclusion
One of the fundamental factors contributing to the spatial differentiation of localities, as evidenced by research indicators, is social and occupational inequality, which leads to unequal social and structural positions. This inequality in turn influences the access individuals and groups have to scarce social resources and benefits, including wealth, power, and status. Consequently, these factors significantly impact individuals' rights, opportunities, rewards, and social standing. Given the interconnectedness between social and spatial processes, this issue within Ardabil city exacerbates disparities in accessing urban services, opportunities, and amenities, particularly for children. These include aspects such as transportation and independent mobility, access to diverse services and activities, safety and security, friendly green spaces, and environmental concerns. Therefore, addressing social inequalities and enhancing urban infrastructure and facilities constitute crucial steps towards creating a child-friendly city.
Furthermore, based on the authors' personal experiences and feedback from residents residing in localities with a higher prevalence of neighborhood issues, it becomes evident that urban management, particularly the municipality, plays a significant role in the environmental and physical realms. Through wielding influence and exerting power over other involved institutions, the municipality has had a notable impact on the problems faced by such neighborhoods. This influence stems from the limited awareness and economic poverty experienced by neighborhood residents, as well as the functional shortcomings of local institutions. Consequently, existing policies geared towards the development of socially, economically, and physically deprived populations – who predominantly reside in the most problematic areas identified in this study – have been ineffective. Instead, the current conditions have created a situation where high-income groups benefit disproportionately from the existing state of affairs. The lack of specific plans and programs targeting these problem areas, coupled with the failure to delegate approved plans for implementation at lower levels (such as regional municipalities), has exacerbated inequalities between localities. Hence, adopting a justice-oriented perspective in urban management is paramount. By doing so, attention can be directed towards improving conditions in deprived and problematic areas, thereby working towards a more equitable urban landscape.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Jafar Saeedi
Abstract
Understanding the causes and determinants of development and underdevelopment has emerged as a crucial focus within the realm of social and economic studies over the past five decades. Regional development, as a fundamental requirement for progress, encompasses diverse dimensions aimed at achieving ...
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Understanding the causes and determinants of development and underdevelopment has emerged as a crucial focus within the realm of social and economic studies over the past five decades. Regional development, as a fundamental requirement for progress, encompasses diverse dimensions aimed at achieving regional equilibrium, reducing infrastructural disparities, and addressing structural and territorial gaps. This developmental model not only exhibits exceptional efficiency in terms of resource management and harnessing regional potential, but also strives to narrow or eradicate disparities within and between regions through the spatial organization of socio-economic and structural activities, capitalizing on local capacities unique to each region. This particular study seeks to conduct a comprehensive structural analysis of the drivers influencing regional development in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Employing an applied theoretical framework, the research employs a descriptive-analytical survey approach. Data and information were gathered through an extensive examination of relevant academically-sound sources alongside field observations, including interviews and questionnaires. Quantitative analysis, employing cross-impact analysis and Micmac software, was employed to analyze the collected data. Twenty key factors were thus extracted and identified as crucial drivers influencing regional development in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari.
Introduction
Regional development is driven by the objectives of reducing socio-economic disparities among different regions and promoting spatial decentralization, ultimately aiming for sustainable socio-economic progress. By recognizing and understanding the factors that contribute to regional development and formulating plans for achieving sustainable development, regions can take essential steps towards closing the gap between them. These disparities manifest as a reflection of various elements, such as environmental factors, political economy, shortcomings in spatial planning systems, insufficient integrated territorial management, and a lack of coordination among responsible organizations involved in spatial and regional development. The Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, encompassing a significant territorial extent in Iran, benefits from extensive capacities within economic, social, cultural, and natural resource domains, indicating a favorable environment for growth, development, and overcoming challenges. Nonetheless, despite numerous programs designed and implemented to foster infrastructure development and enhance social services, unfavorable conditions persist in major economic, social, and infrastructure indicators. Inefficient management practices, operational inadequacies, and insufficient attention towards harnessing the province's potentials have led to diverse issues and challenges impeding its development. Consequently, it becomes evident that regional imbalances and the neglect of development drivers within the province are reflected across economic, social, cultural, and infrastructure indicators. Thus, recognizing the influential factors and drivers that underpin regional development in the province and establishing a solid foundation for regional development planning based on these drivers becomes critically significant. Such an approach serves as a gateway to addressing and alleviating the problems and shortcomings associated with underdevelopment and deprivation. Thus, the primary objective of this research centers on conducting a structural analysis of the drivers shaping regional development. Specifically, it seeks to address the following question: What are the key driving forces influencing regional development in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province?
Methodology
The present research adopts an "applied-theoretical" approach in terms of its purpose, while employing a "descriptive-analytical" methodology that aligns with its nature and methodological framework. The research methodology for this study combines both quantitative-survey and qualitative techniques, in accordance with the research objectives. In addition to gathering insights from experts through the Delphi method, documentary analysis of various sources such as the provincial spatial planning document, reports, plans, and development plans of the province has been utilized as part of the research methodology. The statistical population for this study consists of academic experts, professionals, and institutional-organizational managers who possess ample knowledge and experience in the field of regional development within the study area. These experts were purposefully selected and included in the research sample, following the method of purposive sampling. To analyze the structure of regional development drivers in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, a total of 21 academic experts, institutional-organizational experts, and managers were chosen as representative samples. Selection criteria were based on the experts' expertise, willingness to participate, as well as the complexity of the methods, stages, and implementation conditions associated with the Delphi technique. This study encompasses various dimensions and drivers of regional development, including economic, social, infrastructural, environmental, agricultural, and institutional-organizational aspects, in addition to urban and rural development considerations. These drivers were prioritized based on the expert opinions' importance, and the identification of key drivers was accomplished through the utilization of the Cross-impact analysis method along with Micmac software.
Discussion and Results
Aligned with the primary objective of the present research, the structural analysis and identification of key drivers that impact regional development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were carried out using the Cross-impact analysis (CIA) method. This method facilitated the identification and assessment of the influence exerted by these drivers on the region. Through a comprehensive analysis that involved examining the relationship between variables, assessing the stability and instability of the studied system, constructing a matrix of direct influences (MDI), a matrix of indirect influences (MII), ranking variables, and calculating the coefficient of displacement for each variable under varying conditions, a total of 20 factors were extracted and selected as the key drivers influencing the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Table 1 presents the ranking of drivers affecting the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, based on their direct and indirect dependencies and influences.
Table 1. Key drivers influencing the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
Code
Drivers
Final score
Rank
MDI
MII
MDI
MII
V1
Employment and labor market
227
226
1
1
V20
Human resource management and the use of local and expert manpower in the development management of the province
222
221
2
3
V54
Migration management (rural-urban and outside the province)
220
220
3
2
V49
Coordination and constructive inter-organizational interaction
216
212
4
4
V22
Coherence in social management of the province
211
209
5
5
V4
Deprivation policies and poverty reduction
203
202
6
6
V41
Development of infrastructure and urban and rural water supply networks
202
200
7
7
V39
Utilization of tourism capacities and tourism development infrastructures
200
196
8
9
V11
The optimal distribution system of investment and economic resources between different regions of the province
197
195
9
11
V51
The existence of comprehensive crisis management plans and programs
197
194
10
8
V12
Economic competitiveness at the national and transnational level
194
194
11
10
V60
Management of urban and rural population spatial distribution system
194
194
12
12
V55
Appropriate distribution of infrastructure, services, and balancing to the urban and rural residential network
192
193
13
13
V25
Protection, exploitation, and management of water resources (organizing and development of water resources, containment and transfer of surface water, and improvement of efficiency in exploitation of water resources)
191
190
14
17
V28
Management and exploitation of agricultural resources
191
190
15
15
V47
Development and equipping of infrastructures, and facilities related to the field of crisis management
189
189
16
14
V62
Resilience of settlements
187
187
17
18
V64
Evaluating the effects of urban and rural development plans
187
185
18
16
V33
Environmental and social management of water transfer projects
184
182
19
22
V34
Management of environmental hazards and pollution (polluting sources of water, soil, and air and the emerging phenomenon of dust storm with extra-regional origin)
181
178
20
19
Conclusions
The present study has been conducted with the primary objective of conducting a comprehensive analysis and identification of indicators and drivers that contribute to regional development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. To achieve this goal, an examination of spatial planning and development documents specific to the province, as well as consultations with academic and organizational experts, were conducted. Through this process, a prioritization of 20 drivers was accomplished, highlighting the key drivers that significantly influence regional development. It is crucial to attain a correct comprehension of these key drivers within the development dimensions of the province in order to effectively implement regional development policies in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. By doing so, integrated management, sustainable planning, and collaboration at national and provincial levels can be fostered. This collaborative effort aims to overcome obstacles to development and capitalize on opportunities in alignment with the province's capabilities.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mitra Faraji; Raheleh Rostami; Maryam Shabak
Abstract
The phenomenon of global urbanization is currently undergoing rapid advancements. This scholarly study aims to contribute to the discourse surrounding mental health promotion and the revitalization of urban neighborhoods within the framework of urban planning in Iran. Within this context, the ...
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The phenomenon of global urbanization is currently undergoing rapid advancements. This scholarly study aims to contribute to the discourse surrounding mental health promotion and the revitalization of urban neighborhoods within the framework of urban planning in Iran. Within this context, the examination of environmental characteristics is of utmost importance due to their substantial impact on mental well-being. This study sought to investigate the individual effects of various environmental characteristics on the overall health of citizens, as well as explore the role of environmental preferences as a mediating variable. Recognizing the influential role of urban environmental design on the mental health of individuals, this research was conducted with the objective of establishing a relationship between the perception of environmental variables and public mental health in residential neighborhoods, while also considering the mediating effect of environmental preferences among the population of Mazandaran. Data was collected via a questionnaire comprising two sections. The first section addressed mental health, utilizing a standardized questionnaire, whereas the second section assessed participants' perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, including security, amenities, aesthetics, and destinations, along with their environmental preferences. The application of structural equation modeling revealed a statistically significant influence of the participants' perception of environmental characteristics on mental health, with a corresponding decrease in mental health condition when environmental preferences were reduced.
Introduction
Modern lifestyles, accompanied by physical and mental challenges, pose significant threats to human well-being. Echoing the principles outlined in the World Health Organization's (WHO) constitution, which defines health as the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being rather than the mere absence of disease or infirmity, it becomes evident that mental health can be influenced by perceptions of the surrounding environment. The subjective nature of perception, shaped by individual characteristics and environmental factors, underscores the role of residential environments in shaping the mental health and overall welfare of neighborhoods. Recognizing the intricate interplay between environmental perceptions and individual preferences, it becomes apparent that preferences are closely aligned with perceptions, and the evaluation of preferences is rooted in one's personal perception. Given the impact of environmental preferences on human mental health, it becomes crucial to identify and assess indicators of environmental preferences conducive to promoting well-being. To accomplish the primary objective of this research, the following inquiry must be addressed: How does the structural composition of residential environments relate to the mental health of residents in the Mazandaran Province's residential neighborhoods?
Literature Review
Research has indicated that the attributes of the natural environment hold significant relevance as predictors of health (Kruize et al., 2020). When examining residential environments, these encompass various elements such as amenities, accessibility, safety, visual appeal, and destinations (Giles-Corti & Donovan, 2002; Pikora, Giles-Corti, Bull, Jamrozik, & Donovan, 2003).
2.1. Influence of environmental factors on health
Individuals' preferences exert a considerable influence on their perceptions. Furthermore, the combined effects of a residential neighborhood characterized by well-designed streets and accessible public green spaces are known to impact an individual's perception and, consequently, their mental well-being. Research suggests that aesthetically pleasing landscapes can confer both physical and mental health benefits upon individuals (Ronghua Wang et al., 2021).
Numerous studies have explored the relationship between the physical environment and mental health, consistently revealing a direct correlation between one's mental well-being and the quality of their surroundings. It has been observed that individuals residing in areas marked by high levels of noise, traffic, derelict structures, and crime tend to experience heightened stress levels (Fong, Cruwys, Haslam, & Haslam, 2019). Studies examining the influence of the environment on health conditions can be broadly divided into four categories: (1) the impact of the environment on overall health, (2) the influence of the environment on mental health, (3) the effects of green spaces on health outcomes, and (4) the role of green environments in mitigating mental health issues and stress.
Methodology
The present study aims to explore the relationship between perceived neighborhood characteristics, such as safety, aesthetics, destination, and facilities, and their impact on mental health within residential areas. Additionally, this study seeks to investigate the mediating role of environmental preferences among individuals residing in Mazandaran Province. Data for this study was collected through a two-part questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire assessed participants' health status using the standard questionnaire known as SF36, which provides a comprehensive assessment of health on a global scale. The second part of the questionnaire assessed participants' perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, including environmental preferences, safety, facilities, aesthetics, and destination. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the survey data collected from a sample of 450 residents.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study
Conclusion
Numerous studies have highlighted the significant role of environmental perceptions in influencing individuals' mental health. Thus, the impact of the environment on mental well-being is undoubtedly substantial. Consequently, prioritizing security indicators, facilities, aesthetics, and destinations within the realm of environmental perception is highly recommended to enhance the overall mental health of community members. It is suggested that the provision of environmental factors preferred by residents be given due consideration in efforts to improve population health. By understanding people's preferences, effective measures can be taken to mitigate mental health risks associated with rapid urbanization in urban areas.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Omid Mazreati Tajabadi; Pooyan Shahabian; Jamaleddin Honarvar
Abstract
Walking constitutes a fundamental activity and pedestrians play a vital role in the vitality of urban spaces. This research endeavor aims to conduct a comparative analysis of walkability between Tehran's Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods while validating the findings and comparing specialized ...
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Walking constitutes a fundamental activity and pedestrians play a vital role in the vitality of urban spaces. This research endeavor aims to conduct a comparative analysis of walkability between Tehran's Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods while validating the findings and comparing specialized models. The assessment of data and the comparative examination of the two neighborhoods were carried out utilizing three quantitative models: WalkScore, Smartraq, and SpaceSyntax. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS LISREL software. The research methodology employed was descriptive, analytical, and survey-based, representing an applied approach. The statistical population encompassed 250 residents from both neighborhoods. The analysis of pedestrian circulation models revealed that the Takhti neighborhood attained a WalkScore rating of 93.07%, achieved a connectivity index of 1.76 in the Space Syntax model, and exhibited three positive Z-scores in the Smartraq model. Conversely, the Marzdaran neighborhood obtained a WalkScore rating of 77.86%, recorded a connectivity index of 1.69 in the Space Syntax model, and displayed three negative Z-scores in the Smartraq model. By evaluating these outcomes and subjecting them to statistical analyses, encompassing the examination of performance, physical, social, and environmental criteria, it becomes evident that the Takhti neighborhood, with an average score of 3.52, exhibits a superior capability for walkability compared to the Marzdaran neighborhood, which achieved an average score of 2.40. These results reinforce the quantitative model findings regarding walkability in the Takhti neighborhood.
Introduction
The absence of pedestrian presence in local areas and the subsequent decline in neighborhood walkability have adverse effects on security, safety, and social interactions. These issues are further compounded by environmental concerns like air and noise pollution, public health implications, anonymity of neighborhood spaces, a lack of community belonging, and the resulting physical fatigue. Therefore, obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the current situation is vital for informed decision-making. To address these challenges, it is crucial for urban designers and planners to evaluate and measure the walkability of neighborhoods. This enables them to transform the urban environment, creating a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere that enhances the quality of walking in cities today. This research aims to assess and analyze the local walkability in two neighborhoods in Tehran, employing the WalkScore, Smartraq, and space syntax methods. By comparing the outcomes of these approaches, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the walkability status within the selected neighborhoods. Furthermore, the research employs statistical analysis to validate the findings obtained from these models. This rigorous examination ensures the reliability and accuracy of the results. Ultimately, the study will propose recommendations that not only highlight the advantages and limitations of the utilized models but also present a neighborhood pattern that prioritizes pedestrian needs and activities.
Literature Review
By conducting a thorough literature review of previous studies and research pertaining to walkability, with a specific focus on measurement and assessment, it becomes apparent that there are noticeable deficiencies and erroneous approaches in the domestic research landscape. These shortcomings are particularly evident when it comes to result validation. While international research has diligently addressed methodological challenges, there is a dearth of investigation into the validation of these methods using questionnaire data in distinct localities. The necessity of undertaking this research lies in the imperative to introduce effective models for evaluating the state of local walkability. Additionally, it is crucial to validate the outcomes generated by these models and establish comparative analyses to discern their respective strengths and weaknesses. This rigorous examination is integral to unearthing the merits and limitations of each model, thus contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
Methodology
This study adopts an applied research approach with a combined framework that incorporates both survey-based statistical analysis and descriptive-analytical data analysis methods. The research procedure, data collection, and analysis can be classified into two categories: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative measures, assessment tools, and statistical techniques were employed to analyze the collected data, while a qualitative approach employing comparative techniques was utilized to compare two specific neighborhoods. Multiple methods were utilized to assess and comparatively analyze the walkability status of the studied neighborhoods. These methods include WalkScore, Smartraq, and space syntax models, each focusing on different dimensions of walkability. The analysis for WalkScore and Smartraq was performed using ArcGIS software, and a customized Python algorithm was developed and executed for the WalkScore method. For space syntax analysis, DepthMap software was employed. In the following section, statistical analysis was carried out to validate the outcomes derived from these models. This serves two purposes: enhancing the credibility of the models and confirming the reliability of the results in practical applications. This research falls under the comparative research category. The statistical population comprised residents residing in the Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods, with a randomly selected sample of 250 individuals.
Results
Based on the analysis conducted using the space syntax method, the findings reveal that the Takhti neighborhood exhibits a higher level of walkability quality compared to the Marzdaran neighborhood. This conclusion is supported by the evaluation of two critical indicators related to walkability in space syntax: connectivity and integration.
Table 1
Indicator
Neighborhood
Max
Min
Average
Integration
Takhti
3.21
0.84
1.75
Marzdaran
3.48
0.87
1.69
Connectivity
Takhti
30
1
3.5
Marzdaran
21
1
4.5
Intensity
Takhti
1.2
0.32
0.69
Marzdaran
1.25
0.42
0.79
Mean Depth
Takhti
7.82
2.79
4.47
Marzdaran
6.31
2.33
3.9n
The findings derived from the WalkScore method indicate that the residential blocks located within the Takhti neighborhood consistently exhibit significantly higher average scores in comparison to those situated within the Marzdaran neighborhood. These scores were formulated based on the proximity of each residential block to local amenities, encapsulating an essential aspect of neighborhood livability.
Table2
Neighborhood
Total Units
St.diversion
Interval Walkscore
Point
Average
Walkscore
point
Min
Max
Takhti
3070
0.16
85.87
98.92
93.07
Marzdaran
2742
0.73
43.75
97.91
77.86
The application of a method known as Smartraq brought to light notable disparities between the Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods in terms of intersection density, residential block density, and land use mix index. The findings indicate that the Takhti neighborhood exhibits a substantially higher magnitude in these metrics in comparison to its counterpart, the Marzdaran neighborhood.
Table 3
Neighborhood
Area
(m2)
intersections
Nodes
intersection index (per m2)
households
Residential Units Area (m2)
Residential density
Commercial land use area (m2)
Office land use area(m2)
Residential land use area (m2)
land use mix indices
Takhti
665946
419
307
6.29
7008
471821
0.018
140553
45604
371821
0.348
Marzdaran
1609772
311
293
1.93
10948
937252
0.011
62697
40771
937252
0.223
This research endeavors to employ rigorous statistical analyses in order to systematically investigate and substantiate the walkability attributes of the two focal neighborhoods, while simultaneously corroborating the results obtained from three distinct walkability models. Notably, regression analysis has effectively demonstrated that the aforementioned components decisively account for approximately 75% of the walkability variance discernible within the Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods.
The outcomes derived from regression analyses and the comparison of mean values derived from the perceptions of neighborhood residents pertaining to walkability indices convincingly illustrate that the Takhti neighborhood, boasting an average score of 3.52, exhibits a considerably higher level of walkability in comparison to the Marzdaran neighborhood, whose average rating stands at a modest 2.40.
Table 4
Indicates
Neighborhood
Statistics
n
Mean
Median
Mode
s.d
Var
Functional
Takhti
125
3.8
3.75
3.5
0.54
0.29
Marzdaran
125
2.20
2.32
2.3
0.43
0.48
Physical
Takhti
125
3.71
3.5
3.61
0.52
0.27
Marzdaran
125
2.53
2.12
2.75
0.62
0.39
Social
Takhti
125
4.12
4
4
0.54
0.32
Marzdaran
125
2.64
2.37
2.25
0.68
0.46
Environment
Takhti
125
2.46
2.25
2.25
0.83
0.69
Marzdaran
125
2.24
2.3
2.5
0.68
0.38
Total
Takhti
125
3.52
3.15
3.26
0.91
0.99
Marzdaran
125
2.40
2.90
2.75
0.663
0.441
Conclusion
In conclusion, the synthesis of findings arising from the WalkScore, Smartraq, and Spaces syntax methods has yielded valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of each approach within the assessment framework. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it can be deduced that all three models have demonstrated efficacy, with their outcomes exhibiting notable congruity. However, none of these methods in isolation can be deemed adequate for a holistic evaluation of neighborhood walkability. Therefore, it is advisable to combine these methodologies to achieve a more comprehensive assessment of pedestrian environments.
Unanimously, all three models concur on the walkability of the Takhti neighborhood, renowned for its historical character, intricate urban fabric, diverse land uses, and abundant amenities. Notably, this neighborhood excels across various indicators of walkability, encompassing ease of access to facilities, a mix of land uses, safety measures, population density, residential density, intersection density, continuity of networks, and street connectivity. As corroborated by the models, Takhti emerges as a notably pedestrian-friendly environment, diligently addressing the diverse needs of pedestrians, in stark contrast to the recently developed Marzdaran neighborhood.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their sincere gratitude to all individuals who have played a role in the conception and execution of this scholarly article.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Abozar Qaseminejad; Mohsen Shabestar; Aliasqar Esmaeilzadeh
Abstract
In contemporary society, marginalization has emerged as a significant social issue, imposing formidable barriers to social development. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the causal and contextual factors contributing to the stagnation of social development among marginalized residents of ...
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In contemporary society, marginalization has emerged as a significant social issue, imposing formidable barriers to social development. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the causal and contextual factors contributing to the stagnation of social development among marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht. The study population consists of individuals residing in the marginalized areas of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht, who were purposively and theoretically sampled. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 38 residents from these areas, with the criterion of theoretical saturation determining the termination of interviews. The data analysis followed the grounded theory method, employing the Straussian approach. The research findings reveal the causal conditions for the suspension of social development, including mutual irreversibility, transient and instrumental actions, weak self-concept, intergenerational perpetuation of poverty, and limited access to resources. Furthermore, the grounds contributing to the stagnation of social development manifest through categories such as divergent roles, gaps in social awareness, inadequate resource availability and reference groups, erosion of family boundaries, and institutional distrust. The outcomes illuminate that the mosaic structure of these regions has been shaped by ethnic conflicts and identity clashes. The dominance of ethnic pursuits, stemming from these conflicts and regressive ideologies, has hindered societal convergence. Furthermore, identity conflicts, exacerbated by profound inequalities, have impeded the adaptation of these ethnic groups to the modern world, particularly in the context of Tehran. Consequently, individuals in these areas tend to engage in transient and utilitarian actions, limiting the establishment of sustainable social interactions and impeding social development.
Introduction
Currently, within the realm of development, new themes have emerged that underscore the significance of people and their social capabilities. The prominence and position of social development as one of the four dimensions of development (including social, economic, cultural, and political dimensions) becomes evident when studying the progress of development theory and initiatives. This evolution represents a shift from a primary focus on economic aspects to encompass cultural and social dimensions. The emphasis on quantitative measures has been superseded by the concept of "human development" and a greater consideration of its comprehension and implementation. Theoretical and empirical advancements substantiate that social development is a pivotal element of development, characterized by inherent requisites. To achieve this, it necessitates governmental policy-making and planning, which are integral to the overall pursuit of development. Equally vital is the extent to which the society and its citizens (particularly marginalized populations) comprehend, embrace, and incorporate these policies and programs into their daily lives. This study sets out to address this latter aspect, aiming to gain insights into the social development dynamics among the marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyamdasht areas. Specifically, it seeks to explore how the experiences of marginalization have influenced their understanding of social development and shaped their social actions within their daily lives. Employing a qualitative, deep, and comprehensive approach, this study will examine the social development among marginalized individuals, shedding light on diverse dimensions through an exploration of their lived experiences.
Literature Review
Prior research has extensively examined social development across various dimensions, including women's participation (Allen, 1985; Boland, 1987; Glicken, 1979; Thomas and Sina, 2009), education (Bradshaw and Graham, 2007; Resnik, 1997), local communities (Daly and Winter, 1978; Velosky and Monroe, 2009), and others. Moreover, several studies have addressed the assessment of social development rankings within Hamedan province's cities (Zofari et al., 2009), the examination of social development indicators and rankings across the country's provinces (Firouzabadi et al., 2010), the investigation into Iran's social development indicators and international position (Fazli et al., 2012), the exploration of human and social development indicators (Gay et al., 2017), the assessment of Iran's current social development status (Riahi, 2010), the examination of dimensions within social development theory (Jacobs and Cleveland, 2007), the identification of dimensions and components within the five development programs (Jaghtai et al., 2015), the analysis of social development in Tehran city (Asgharpour Masoleh et al., 2013), the adoption of a social development approach in poverty alleviation programs in Iran (Qanai-Rad, 2004), and the conceptualization and measurement of social development (Madani and Roshfekr, 2014), among others.
Furthermore, there have been studies conducted by foreign and domestic researchers that focus on the perspective of marginalized individuals themselves. For instance, studies such as Martin's exploration in 2000 in Lima, Tupac, Perlman's investigation in 2010 in Argentina and Rio de Janeiro, Safa's analysis in 1974 in Puerto Rico, San Juan, Oiro's examination in 1988 in Argentina, Ghanem's study in 1997 in Cairo, Sharma's research in 1991 in Sarga, India, Piran's work in 1373, Ismaili and Omidi's inquiry in 2011 in Islamabad, Parsapzoh's study in 1381 in Islamabad, and Pereghi et al.'s investigation in 1383 in Isfahan provide valuable insights into the phenomenon of marginalization. It should be noted that unlike the aforementioned studies that primarily focused on social development, these studies delved into the complexities of marginalization.
Methodology
This scholarly research study employed a qualitative approach, adopting a data-based strategy. The targeted population consisted of all adult citizens aged 18 and above residing in the marginalized regions of Pak-Dasht and Qiyam-Dasht, from which a sampling process was implemented. It is worth noting that, based on information provided by the municipality and governorate, these regions encompass eight districts within the city of Pakdasht, while being limited to a single district in Qiyam-Dasht. However, it is important to highlight that the selection of interview participants was not solely based on the criteria set forth by the municipality and governorate. This is because certain locations, despite exhibiting characteristics associated with marginalization in social, economic, and physical terms, were not officially classified as such. Additionally, the researcher's understanding and identification of the extent of marginalization in specific cases differed from the mappings provided by official coordinates. To ensure a purposive and theoretical sampling, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with a total of 38 residents living in the aforementioned areas.
Results
This study delves into the bottlenecks of social development among marginalized communities, adopting an internal and micro-level perspective. The rapid growth of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht has had profound impacts on the environmental and social dynamics of the region, manifesting in various forms. Particularly in Pakdasht, the presence of diverse ethnic groups contributes to the existence of distinct customs. However, due to the marginalized status of a significant portion of the population, these customs are not prominently observed. Consequently, a pervasive condition has emerged, characterized by income poverty, as well as social and cultural impoverishment. This predicament engenders insurmountable contradictions when confronted with the prevailing inequalities within the metropolis of Tehran. Daily life revolves primarily around livelihood pursuits and aspiring to attain essential societal values such as adequate housing, good health, and quality education. Unfortunately, these circumstances often undermine individuals' ability to engage in purposeful actions aimed at fostering a renewed sense of community and belonging within their place of residence. Moreover, the actions taken in this context are chiefly driven by individual rationality and economic cost-benefit considerations. Consequently, the social dimension is inadvertently sidelined, despite its pivotal role in shaping social development and the potential to establish new foundations for personal identity based on collective accomplishments.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mahmoud Moshfegh
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this research paper is to analyze the trends observed in spatial population concentration indices within the context of regional and urban balance policies during Iran's first to fifth development plans spanning the period of 1989 to 2015. The study ...
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Abstract
The objective of this research paper is to analyze the trends observed in spatial population concentration indices within the context of regional and urban balance policies during Iran's first to fifth development plans spanning the period of 1989 to 2015. The study employs a trend analysis methodology, utilizing data derived from Iran's censuses. The findings of the research reveal a consistent inclination of population movement towards urban centers, despite the articulation of regional and urban balance objectives in all development plans. This phenomenon manifests in two distinct forms of population centralization. Firstly, a persistent, overarching pattern of national-level centralization emerges as the gravitational center of population settlements in the country. Secondly, a more localized and variable form of centralization is observed in the regional context, wherein certain areas function as regional centers of population agglomeration. Over the duration of the first to fifth development plans, there is evidence of a decline in urban primacy. Interestingly, cities classified as second-tier (with populations ranging between 100,000 and 250,000) exhibit the highest rates of population growth, while cities belonging to middle-tier categories (with populations ranging between 10,000 and 99,999) experience a negative population growth. In conclusion, the overall outcomes indicate a slight amelioration in regional and urban imbalances. Consequently, a shift is observed in the spatial distribution of regional and urban populations, transitioning from an extreme periphery-center structure towards a periphery-semi-periphery arrangement.
Keywords: Decentralization, Urban primacy, Migration, Urban hierarchy, Regions.
Introduction
The process of urbanization in Iran has experienced a consistent upward trajectory over the past five decades. In 1956, the level of urbanization stood at 31.6%, a figure that rose to 74% by 2016. However, this growth has been characterized by a significant imbalance, with a persistent center-periphery pattern dominating the urbanization structure of Iran. Consequently, an essential objective of Iran's development plans has been the attainment of balanced regional and urban development, alongside initiatives aimed at urban decentralization and population control in metropolises and major cities over the past 50 years.
The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the level and trends observed in spatial population concentration indices concerning the objectives of regional and urban balance policies during Iran's first to fifth development plans spanning the period of 1989 to 2015. The geographical categorization employed by the Iran Atlas of Urban and Regional Planning Studies divides the country into three regional levels: large (physical) regions, middle regions (provinces), and micro regions (cities). These development plans have consistently aimed to establish a sense of equilibrium in both population and development across these distinct levels (Latifi, 2011). As a result, the study will examine changes in distribution and concentration indices of the urban population at three levels: A) population concentration trends within macro-physical regions of the country, B) population concentration and displacement trends within middle regions (provinces), and C) an analysis of indicators pertaining to urban population concentration within first cities, metropolises, and urban hierarchies.
Literature Review
Studies examining urban population decentralization policies can be categorized into two distinct subjects. The first category consists of research that has conducted positive assessments of the effects brought about by the implementation of such policies. Kondo (2018) and Anh (2003) have provided favorable evaluations of urban population decentralization policies in Asia. Chen, Liu, et al. (2013) demonstrated that China experienced a faster increase in urban population compared to economic growth until 2004; however, since then, Chinese cities have undergone a more balanced distribution. Lee (1997) also noted that urban primacy in South Korea reached its peak during the 1970s but has remained relatively stable since the 1980s due to decentralization policies. Furthermore, several studies have indicated that Iran's urban system exhibited a trend towards centralization by the end of the 1980s, but since the early 1980s, the concentration of urban population has gradually decreased, leading to a more balanced distribution (Zebardast, 2006; Farhoudi et al., 2009; Seifodini et al., 2014). These studies attributed such changes to the implementation of urban decentralization policies in Iran. The second category encompasses studies that have shown the continued centralization of the urban population in various forms, with the distribution of population within the urban hierarchy becoming increasingly imbalanced. Rakhshani Nasab and Zarrabi (2010) and Taghvaei and Saberi (2010) have demonstrated this trend. Rakhshani Nasab and Zarrabi (2010) revealed that between the years 2006 to 2016, Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz, and Qom maintained a stable position within the country's urban system, while Karaj ascended from 13th place in 1986 to 5th place in 2006 due to the influx of population overflow from Tehran.
Methodology
The research methodology employed in this study involved documentary research and trend analysis. The primary sources of data were the databases of the Central Bank, Statistics Center, and the Program and Budget Organization of Iran. To examine the trend relationships of the indicators, trend line regression was utilized. In order to align the data with the time periods of the development plans, interpolation and extrapolation techniques were employed. To measure urban concentration, several indices were utilized, namely the index of equilibrium, urban primacy index, two-city index, Ginsberg or four-city index, Mehta's four-city index, Herfindahl concentration index, entropy index, and Henderson de-concentration index. These indices provided a comprehensive assessment of the level of concentration within urban areas.
Results
The findings indicate that despite the objectives outlined in the first to fifth development plans, aimed at achieving regional and urban equilibrium, the population has consistently gravitated towards central areas at the national, regional, provincial, and urban levels. Two distinct forms of spatial population centralization have been identified. The first involves national-level centralization, primarily centered on Southern Alborz, which has exhibited enduring, widespread influence. This region has functioned as the main hub for population settlement on a national scale. The second form pertains to regional population centralization, which is comparatively weaker, situational, and limited in scope. These regional centers have served as focal points for population settlement. Provinces in the Zagros and Azerbaijan regions have continually experienced a decline in population, with southern and central Alborz regions being favored. During the initial implementation phase of the first plan, the developmental disparity between Tehran Province and the average score of the nine lower-ranking provinces was 28 times. By the time the fifth development plan was enacted, this discrepancy had decreased to 21 times. Over the course of the first to fifth development plans, urban primacy has diminished. Conversely, cities classified in the second population class (100,000-250,000) have exhibited the highest population growth rates, while cities in the middle population classes (10,000-99,999) have experienced negative population growth. Overall, the results demonstrate a slight alleviation in regional and urban imbalances within the country. The centers of concentration for the urban populace have shifted from primary cities to secondary cities. However, medium-sized cities with populations below 100,000 still face negative population growth.
Discussion and Conclusion
The urban spatial growth pattern in Iran reveals an increasing concentration of the urban population in the first and second urban classes, while lower-class cities experience a decline in population in favor of these urban centers. The results demonstrate that despite the objectives set forth in the urban development plans, focusing on strengthening medium-sized cities, the urban population has gravitated towards megapolises and larger cities with populations exceeding 100,000. By comparing the changes in Mehta's index with the levels proposed by Richardson, it is evident that Iran's urban primacy has transitioned from a state of "super-primacy" to a "primacy" level during the first to fifth development plan period. This shift indicates that the urban structure is still far from an ideal situation; however, there is a general trend towards achieving better balance within Iran. Consequently, we propose that the spatial distribution of the regional and urban population is evolving from an extreme periphery-center structure to a periphery-semi-periphery structure.
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the esteemed Professor, Dr. Gholamreza Latifi, for his invaluable guidance and advice throughout the process of writing this paper. His expertise has greatly contributed to the quality and depth of my work.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mohadeseh Yousefpour; Mahmoud Jomehpour; Ali Khaksari Rafsanjani
Abstract
Abstract
The policy of developing new cities has been adopted in response to the ever-increasing rise in population and its excessive concentration in metropolises. However, a lack of consideration for immigrants' culture and identity has given rise to issues in social sustainability. Moreover, the ...
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Abstract
The policy of developing new cities has been adopted in response to the ever-increasing rise in population and its excessive concentration in metropolises. However, a lack of consideration for immigrants' culture and identity has given rise to issues in social sustainability. Moreover, the failure to address population forecasting and incorporate economic planning has disrupted the self-reliance of immigrants in the new city of Pardis. This research aims to investigate the phenomenon of identity dispersion in Pardis and explore approaches to cultivating an independent identity. The qualitative strategy employed in this applied descriptive-analytical study involves content analysis. The target community comprises two groups: the citizens and the urban management staff. Theoretical saturation was reached after conducting interviews with 38 individuals from these groups. Data were collected through targeted, semi-structured interviews, observations, and analysis of urban documents. MAX QDA software was utilized for data analysis. Following coding, ten minor categories and two major categories were identified. The major categories include immigration and the distinctive image of the city, which were found to be distinct entities. The findings of the study reveal that the urban management staffs perceive the enhancement of the city's independent identity to be influenced by the dynamic interaction between the northern and southern parts of Pardis, as well as the establishment of a technopark. On the other hand, residents primarily viewed the employment opportunities provided by the technopark as the most effective means of fostering an independent identity. They also emphasized the importance of leveraging shared ethnic characteristics in defining attractive activities for the community. Overall, this research sheds light on the complexities of identity formation in new cities and proposes potential strategies for cultivating a distinctive identity in Pardis.
Keywords: Identity Dispersion, Independent Identity, New City, New City of Pardis.
Introduction
New cities have emerged as a notable phenomenon within Iran's urban landscape, leading researchers to dedicate significant attention to this subject. These planned communities are situated at a short distance from the main city, possessing a specific area and population. They are constructed within a short timeframe, lacking a primary core, with the intention of organizing work conditions, fostering healthy living environments, and promoting self-sufficiency as a key principle. The focus of this research is the new city of Pardis, located approximately 17 kilometers east of Tehran metropolis. The city's establishment was approved in March 1989. As of the 2015 census, Pardis had a population of 73,363 individuals and covered an area of approximately 3,600 hectares. The research seeks to address the growing social anomalies in Pardis and understand the factors—beyond physical and economic considerations—that contribute to these anomalies and hinder the formation of an independent identity. Additionally, it aims to analyze the weak population retention in Pardis and assess the extent to which management institutions contribute to this issue. Ultimately, the study intends to propose solutions for identity-related challenges in order to foster social sustainability.
Literature review
Waresi et al. (2019) conducted a research study entitled "Analysis and Evaluation of Residents' Sense of Identity in New Cities: A Case Study of the New City of Fouladshahr." The objective of their study was to assess the identity perception among residents of the new city of Fouladshahr using a descriptive-analytical approach and administering questionnaires through a probability-based sampling method. The findings of their study revealed that a longer duration of residency in new cities is positively associated with a stronger sense of belonging. Furthermore, the study indicated an inverse relationship between the level of education and the degree of identity derived from the new city.
In a separate investigation titled "Identity Crisis and Social Isolation in New Cities and Its Relationship with Residential Satisfaction: A Case Study of the New City of Pardis," Shaterian et al. (2015) employed a descriptive-correlational method using cluster and simple random sampling techniques. Their research established that a lack of identity within new cities leads to increased social isolation and diminished satisfaction with the place of residence. Another study conducted by Azani et al. (2005) titled "Investigating the Role of Urban Spaces in Creating the Identity of New Cities" adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. Their research revealed that the availability of public spaces fosters the formation of collective memories, thereby contributing to the development of a stronger sense of identity among residents in new cities.
Methodology
The present study adopts a descriptive-analytical research design, with an applied purpose and a qualitative content analysis method. The target population for this research comprises residents and professionals in the field of urban management, including employees of the municipality, Construction Company, and other relevant organizations that have interacted with the residents of Pardis. A purposive sampling technique is utilized in this research, aiming to interview individuals until theoretical saturation is achieved. A total of 38 participants, including 23 residents and 15 individuals from the urban management department, were selected for interviews. After each interview, voice recordings were transcribed, and the first round of coding was performed using the MAX QDA software platform. The extracted information and codes from the interviews guided the determination of characteristics for subsequent interviewees and the creation of semi-structured questions by the author. This iterative process continued until the 38th interview was completed. To ensure comprehensive data collection that addresses the research questions pertaining to the primary challenges faced by the new city of Pardis, the authors employed the record-keeping method. This method involved gathering reliable reference documents as a supplementary data source.
Results
Based on the descriptive findings, the new city of Pardis exhibits a dispersion and confusion of identity among ethnic groups and religions. The city is inhabited by diverse groups such as Turks, Kurds, Lors, Mazanis, Gilaks, Sistanis, Baluches, Azeris, Arabs, Tats, and Afghans. These groups speak various languages, including Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Armenian, and different dialects such as Tat, Gilak, Mazani (Tabari), Lori, Kormanj, Sorani, Sistani, Baloch, Dari, and Pashto. The religious affiliations of the residents were identified as Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Judaism, Ali Allahi, and Islamic mysticism, with the predominance of Shia and Sunni beliefs. Through the analysis of 284 codes after coding in three steps, two main categories were identified, namely "immigration" and "role of urban management in immigration," each comprising several subcategories. Under the "immigration" category, the subcategories included "immigrant state," "micro-cultures and the right to culture," "coexistence and assimilation." Factors contributing to the diversity in identity were attributed to favorable climate, Mehr housing, increased land and housing prices in Tehran, financial constraints of some Tehran residents, favorable proximity of Pardis to Tehran, and a more comfortable living environment compared to the crowded capital. The subcategory of "coexistence and assimilation" revealed ethnic conflicts and a lack of peaceful coexistence among residents, as evidenced by the dialogue with both citizens and city management.
The main category, "distinct image of the city," consisted of subcategories such as "physical dimension," "functional dimension," "economic dimension," "ecological dimension," "sensory dimension," and "the role of urban management in independent urban identity." The urban management body deemed "two-way interactions between the northern and southern parts of the city" and the "expansion of the technology park" as effective in shaping the city's independent identity. However, citizens believed that "employing natives in the technology park" and "utilizing shared cultural aspects in defining activities" would contribute to strengthening the city's unique identity.
In the physical dimension subcategory, the Science and Technology Park emerged as a significant tourist attraction that could attract capital. It was suggested that enhancing access to knowledge-based companies by reducing space restrictions would facilitate easier visits by tourists. Additionally, in the functional dimension subcategory, the completion of the Pardis Bam project and the development of a distinctive activity at the city's entrance were discussed as means to establish an identity marker. Regarding the role of urban management in the city's independent identity, improved registration policies for the Mehr housing units by the Construction Company of the new city of Pardis were suggested. Such measures would help control immigration, optimize population growth, expedite apartment delivery, enhance infrastructure response, increase satisfaction, foster social trust, and ultimately contribute to the city's independent identity.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge that this research was conducted independently without any specific organizational support. They extend their heartfelt gratitude to all the individuals who generously contributed to the interview process and provided valuable assistance throughout the research endeavor.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Narjes GHaempanah; Ebrahim Molavi; Mohammad Omidvarian
Abstract
Abstract
Urban walls hold significant influence over the quality of urban spaces, making them one of the most impactful environmental elements. Enhancing their quality contributes to an overall improvement in the physical aspects of a city. While the urban landscape and its aesthetic indicators are ...
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Abstract
Urban walls hold significant influence over the quality of urban spaces, making them one of the most impactful environmental elements. Enhancing their quality contributes to an overall improvement in the physical aspects of a city. While the urban landscape and its aesthetic indicators are well-established, the question arises regarding the influential components that shape the urban landscape. Hence, the objective of this scholarly article is two-fold: to identify effective solutions for enhancing the aesthetic dimension of urban walls in terms of their objective-physical aspects, and to prioritize these solutions based on the perspective of citizens who frequent the Eram sidewalk in Qom city. Determining the sample size was achieved through Cochran's formula, resulting in a total of 384 participants. The research methodology employed was practical and aligned with the nature of the study, employing a descriptive-quantitative approach to answer research questions. To analyze the collected data, the Lisrel software was employed for designing the structural equation. The research findings highlight the need for improvement in various components of the urban landscape when it comes to the walls of the Eram pedestrian area. These components include enhancing the beauty and visual variety in wall decorations, paying attention to facade additions, and diversifying the texture of materials utilized. Notably, citizens rated the absence of disturbances and visual disruptions as positive and appropriate, assigning it a high impact factor of 0.82. This component emerged as their top priority when indicating their visual preferences. By addressing these findings and incorporating the indicated solutions, urban planners and policymakers can effectively enhance the aesthetic appeal of urban walls, thereby improving the overall perception and experience of citizens within urban spaces.
Keywords: Objective-Physical, Aesthetics, Urban Wall, Eram Sidewalk.
Introduction
The Eram pedestrian street in the city of Qom holds significant importance due to its rich cultural background, distinctive spaces, historical landmarks, and its strategic central location within the historical context of the city. The considerable presence of citizens, pilgrims, and tourists within this urban space, being the only utilized sidewalk in Qom, has motivated the authors to explore the wall of this sidewalk.
Literature Review
Khakzand et al. conducted a study on the factors influencing the design of urban structures with an emphasis on aesthetic and environmental considerations in Valiasr Street, Qeshm. The research findings highlight the aesthetic aspects from both the public and experts' perspectives.
The indicators of proportion, cleanliness, balance, and order in the objective dimension, alongside attachment to the place, meaningfulness, calmness, and readability in the psychological dimension, are identified as the primary factors for evaluating facade. In urban design and development, the physical-aesthetic dimension is regarded as the most critical element in creating a pleasant and enjoyable atmosphere within the urban environment.
Methodology
This research adopts a descriptive-quantitative and practical approach. The data collection process involves field observations, questionnaires, and documentary studies. To identify objective-physical indicators for assessing the aesthetics of the urban wall, a Likert scale questionnaire with five levels has been designed, and data has been collected through its administration. In alignment with the research objective, the structural equation modeling (SEM) method has been selected for data analysis. The data preparation was initially performed using the SPSS software, followed by analysis employing Lisrel for the purpose of applying the structural equation modeling method. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, considering an error level of 5%, resulting in a required sample of 384 respondents.
Results
The Cronbach's alpha value obtained in this research is 0.63, indicating an acceptable level of reliability for the questionnaire.
Fit Indices of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) in Research
Index
Threshold
Calculate
Chi square / degree of freedom
Less than 3 is good. Less than 5 is acceptable
4
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)
Less than 0.05 good, 0.05 to 0.10 medium, greater than 0.10 bad
0.023
P-Value
Less than 0.05
0.03062
Structural Model and Standardized Coefficients of the Research
As reported by the participants, the measurement of beauty is influenced by various factors. Particularly, the absence of disturbance and visual disruption emerged as the most significant factors, with a substantial impact factor of 0.82. Additionally, the coloring component displayed the highest coefficient among other indices, while the diversity index in material texture exhibited the lowest coefficient, measuring at 0.07.
Discussion
To investigate and prioritize the indicators in the present study as perceived by users of the environment, visual depictions of the wall's condition along different sections of the sidewalk were analyzed. By comparing the images and assessing the impact factors of the components from citizens' perspectives, it becomes evident that environmental and cultural factors significantly influence objective-physical indicators. To illustrate this point further, let us examine the component related to assessing the presence of confusion and visual disturbances, which demonstrates the highest factor load with an impact factor of 0.82. Notably, a considerable portion of the northern section of the Eram sidewalk is associated with the expansive Al-Ghadir commercial complex, the park in front of the shrine's courtyard, and the walls of the Holy Shrine itself. The simplicity and inherent beauty of this area seem to have led citizens to overlook the numerous visual disturbances encountered in the southern section, where shops and corridors are located.
As for the component concerning diversity in texture and material quality, it exhibited the lowest factor load with an impact factor of 0.07, representing a mere 2.52% of total opinions. The low coefficient of this component is not affected by the presence of ongoing construction at the southern end of the sidewalk or the physical deterioration of some walls along its entirety. Through these analyses, we gain insights into how citizens prioritize various indicators related to the environment, thereby shedding light on the factors influencing their perceptions of beauty and visual quality in the studied area.
Conclusion
The findings of the analyses reveal that the component related to assessing the presence of disturbance and visual disruptions in the Eram sidewalk's wall exhibits the highest factor load, scoring an impact factor of 0.82. This indicates that, according to the majority of respondents, the visual disturbances on the wall are either minimal or not significantly bothersome. Notably, this component garnered approximately 29.60% of the respondents' votes, reflecting their attitudes towards the visual aspects of the sidewalk space.
Following closely, the component pertaining to wall color achieved an impact factor of 0.72, securing around 26% of positive votes from the respondents. Subsequently, the skyline component earned an impact factor of 0.66, garnering approximately 24% of positive votes.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mohammad Ghaffari; Mahla Rezaei
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the motivations behind tourists' decision to travel to a particular region greatly contributes to comprehending their behavior. This study aims to identify, categorize, and prioritize the motives of domestic tourists who choose to travel to Kerman city. The research methodology ...
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Abstract
Understanding the motivations behind tourists' decision to travel to a particular region greatly contributes to comprehending their behavior. This study aims to identify, categorize, and prioritize the motives of domestic tourists who choose to travel to Kerman city. The research methodology employed an applied approach, a descriptive nature, and utilized a mixed data type. The collection of research data involved the utilization of field and library methods. The statistical population for this study consisted of domestic tourists who visited Kerman city in March 2022 and were accessible for the researcher. The research sampling method used was non-probability sampling, specifically employing the easy or available sampling type. The identification and categorization of tourists' motives were achieved through the application of the Exploratory Factor Analysis method, while the prioritization of the identified motives was conducted using the TOPSIS method. The results of the data analysis demonstrated that the motives of domestic tourists for traveling to Kerman city encompassed the following aspects: the desire to visit historical-cultural attractions, religious motives, work-related motives, motives related to the economic benefits of travel, motives associated with group travel, motives to visit friends and relatives, shopping motives, entertainment and recreational motives, nostalgia, appreciation of the natural environment, and learning motives.
Keywords: Categorization, Prioritization, Travel motives, Kerman.
Introduction
Marketing plays a crucial role in the sustained success of businesses, making the evaluation of marketing performance essential and fundamental for effective management. In the context of tourism, marketing endeavors aim to comprehensively understand the needs of tourists, facilitate appropriate infrastructure, and motivate them to visit specific destinations, thereby ensuring their satisfaction. Among the key factors influencing travel behavior, travel motives have received significant scholarly attention and are integral to the formulation of effective tourism marketing strategies. Of particular importance is the careful consideration of tourists' perspectives and motivations for choosing a particular destination. A thorough understanding of tourists' motivations for travel holds immense value for managers and planners within the tourism industry. Conversely, an inadequate or erroneous understanding of these motivations can lead to substantial economic, socio-cultural, and environmental costs for society at large. In light of this context, the present study focuses on the identification of tourists' motivations specifically within Kerman city. By pinpointing the primary motivations behind tourists' decision to visit Kerman, this research aims to offer valuable insights to tourism managers and businesses in the city. These insights will prove instrumental in the development of targeted marketing programs and the overall advancement of the tourism sector within Kerman.
Methodology
The current research encompasses both qualitative and descriptive quantitative components, focusing on a case study of Kerman city. Data collection techniques employed in the qualitative segment involve desk research, while the quantitative portion utilizes survey research. To gather qualitative data, sampling was conducted from tourism books and articles, whereas closed questionnaires served as the data collection instrument in the quantitative phase. The questionnaire was administered to tourists who had visited Kerman with the purpose of exploring its tourist attractions. For the research, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of closed questions with a five-choice Likert scale was employed.
The statistical population of this study comprises domestic tourists who traveled to Kerman city in April 2022, and who possess relevant documentation available for examination by the researchers. The sampling method employed in this research follows a non-probability and convenience sampling approach. A total of 300 questionnaires were evenly distributed among the aforementioned tourist attractions, with 276 tourists responding to and participating in the survey. To bolster the validity of this research, a triangulation method was employed. Additionally, the reliability of the research questionnaire was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, yielding a value of 0.87 for the entire questionnaire.
In this study, the exploratory factor analysis method was utilized in the first stage to identify and categorize motivations, ultimately generating a novel framework based on the research findings. Subsequently, in the second stage of the research, after motivations had been categorized, the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was employed to prioritize and rank the identified motivations.
Results
The research findings are presented in several parts. Firstly, the study begins by identifying travel motivations through an extensive review of relevant literature, which is further complemented by expert surveys. Subsequently, a questionnaire incorporating the identified variables of tourists' motivations is formulated and administered to individuals visiting Kerman. Moving on to the next stage of the research, the collected questionnaires are analyzed. This phase entails presenting inferential findings regarding the identification and classification of domestic tourists' motivations for traveling to Kerman. To accomplish this, exploratory factor analysis is employed. Prior to conducting the exploratory factor analysis, certain preliminary tests are conducted to ensure the suitability of the available data and confirm its appropriateness for this method. These tests include Bartlett's test and the Kaiser Meyer-Oliken (KMO) sample size adequacy index.
Additionally, the identified motivations are ranked using the TOPSIS method. The findings obtained from the application of the TOPSIS method reveal the prioritization of domestic tourists' motivations for traveling to Kerman. Accordingly, the ranked motives are as follows: motivation to visit cultural-historical attractions, religious motivation, work motivation, motivation to benefit from economic travel, motivation to benefit from group travel, motivation to visit friends and relatives, motivation to engage in shopping, motivation for leisure, nostalgic motivation, motivation to appreciate the natural environment, and motivation for learning.
Conclusion
The primary objective of this research was to comprehensively identify, categorize, and prioritize the motivations driving domestic tourists to choose Kerman as their travel destination. The conclusive results unveil a range of motivations influencing domestic tourists' decision to visit Kerman. These motivations can be summarized as follows: the desire to explore cultural-historical attractions, religious motivations, work-related motivations, the urge to derive economic benefits from travel, the inclination towards group travel experiences, the intention to visit friends and relatives, the motivation for shopping, the pursuit of leisure and enjoyment, nostalgic inclinations, the appreciation of the natural environment, and the aspiration for learning. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing domestic tourists' choice of Kerman as their preferred travel destination. The identified motivations shed light on the diverse range of needs and preferences of domestic tourists when embarking on a trip to Kerman. These insights can serve as a valuable resource for tourism stakeholders, policymakers, and destination managers in developing targeted strategies to attract and cater to the specific motivations and desires of domestic tourists. With this knowledge, destination marketers can tailor their promotional efforts, enhance tourist experiences, and ultimately support the sustainable growth of tourism in Kerman.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Elham Soveyzi; Qadir siaami; Maleeha Salahi
Abstract
Abstract
Land use planning plays a crucial role in urban planning by addressing urban needs, tackling land scarcity challenges, and determining the physical growth of cities. Urban redevelopment, specifically the revitalization of vacant and abandoned lands, serves as an effective strategy to optimize ...
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Abstract
Land use planning plays a crucial role in urban planning by addressing urban needs, tackling land scarcity challenges, and determining the physical growth of cities. Urban redevelopment, specifically the revitalization of vacant and abandoned lands, serves as an effective strategy to optimize land utilization, mitigate pollution, and enhance the socioeconomic urban environment. In this study, a foresight approach is adopted, employing descriptive-analytical methods to conduct a structural analysis of the factors involved in infill development in the Bronsi barracks brownfields located in Mashhad. Data collection was conducted through secondary research and surveys, with a statistical sample comprising eight purposively selected urban experts. A total of 15 variables associated with sustainable brownfield planning were identified, encompassing physical-spatial, socioeconomic, managerial-institutional, and environmental aspects. These variables were further classified into five groups: influential, double-faceted, susceptible, independent, and regulatory. To evaluate the relationships among the variables, the Micmac software was utilized, and subsequent scenarios including probable and favorable outcomes were determined. The analysis highlighted the priority of three key factors in inactive lands: land price, accessibility to services and facilities, and the number of land uses. These findings are of great significance and should be taken into consideration by urban decision-makers not only in the studied sites but also in similar areas.
Keywords: Structural Analysis, Infill Development, Brownfields, Foresight, Micmac, Bronis Barracks.
Introduction
The dispersed development and horizontal expansion witnessed over the recent decades have posed a multitude of challenges for cities. These challenges include issues such as poverty, cultural and citizenship ethics decline, poor local community safety and health, destruction of the natural environment and lands, and environmental pollution. Moreover, this pattern of development has resulted in substantial expenses for infrastructure creation and development on a larger scale. In addition, brownfields, which encompass former industrial sites such as factories, barracks, slaughterhouses, and prisons located on the outskirts of cities, have now found themselves within, and even at the heart of, urban areas due to this distribution pattern. As a result, these brownfields have brought about the aforementioned issues in residential areas. They are currently non-compliant with their surrounding land uses, and may even conflict with them in terms of visual standards and functionality, thereby discouraging citizens from being present in these areas and spreading insecurity.
The redevelopment of brownfields is considered a facilitating strategy for the reuse of inactive lands, and it is one of the effective approaches to address land use problems in Iranian cities. By implementing this strategy, not only can the spatial and physical quality of cities be improved, but it can also serve as a key factor in the pursuit of sustainable communities and a higher quality of life, all while safeguarding rural and agricultural lands. Among the significant brownfield sites officially designated for redevelopment is the 27-hectare Bronsi Barracks in Mashhad. In light of this, the present study utilizes the MICMAC method to identify the factors influencing the redevelopment of these lands and their extent of influence. Additionally, the study aims to propose and evaluate various redevelopment scenarios for the Bronsi Barracks site, in line with its secondary objective.
Literature Review
In their study titled "From Concept to Completion: Critical Analysis of Urban Village," Biddulph et al. (2003) focused on the processes of discourse construction and reconstruction. They concluded that the transformation of concepts into purely theoretical and operational plans led to contradictory lived experiences. Similarly, Aronita (2006) conducted a study titled "Analysis of the relative benefits of the heterogeneity of redeveloping vacant public lands" and proposed that the level of people's dissatisfaction with spaces could be a criterion for identifying brownfields and inefficient urban fabrics suitable for redevelopment.
Durrell (2012) presented a model with an integrated regionalism approach at the organizational level in his book "Economic Objectives of Brownfield Development in Germany." This model aimed to categorize brownfields with an economic orientation. Solitar and Laurier (2012) explored the role of development companies in their research titled "Increasing the Capacity of Urban Development Companies to Renew Worn-out Fabrics: An inner-city Approach." They sought to understand the meaningful economic effects of these companies' contributions to public participation in redevelopment processes. De Sousa (2002) discussed the growing inclination to redevelop urban brownfields in Canada since the 1990s in his study titled "Brownfield Redevelopment in Toronto: An Examination of Past Trends and Prospects."
Ahmadi (2013) conducted a study titled "Using brownfields, a stride toward functional improvement of urban neighborhoods; case study: Koshtargah Neighbourhood, Urmia." He applied land use planning in the infill development approach to revitalize and improve the studied neighborhood, specifically addressing the inactivity and abandonment of the slaughterhouse located within the area. In another study titled "Examining and Revitalizing Brownfields in the Context of Urban Sustainability," Tohidi Rad (2013) discussed sustainable development indicators and principles, examined brownfields, identified their challenges, risks, and characteristics, and proposed land-use alteration as a means to reincorporate these lands into the urban life cycle. Alaei et al. (2015) emphasized the role of brownfield redevelopment as a driver of sustainable urban development in their work, "Identification of factors affecting the redevelopment of brownfields in the context of Iran; Case: Abkoh sugar factory, Mashhad."
Shakri and Monsefi Prapari (2020), in their study titled "Investigation of the Principles and Strategies of Urban Redevelopment with the Brownfield land-use alteration approach," regarded brownfields as a solution to the urban sprawl problem and emphasized their potential as useful and income-generating lands within cities. Nourian and Afradi (2013) conducted a study titled "Application of content analysis to Assess and Identify the brownfield redevelopment process in leading countries." They argued that all redevelopment processes consist of four stages: initiation, cleaning, design planning, and implementation. Hasani and Saiidi Mofrad (2017) employed the social placemaking approach in their study titled "Planning for urban brownfield redesign with a social placemaking approach; Case of Abkoh sugar factory, Mashhad." They utilized scenario-writing techniques and presented three scenarios—minimum, middle, and maximum—ultimately selecting a flexible, accessible, and safe scenario.
In the present study, we adopt a novel approach to structurally analyze the factors involved in infill development in brownfields. This approach is based on the foresight approach, which has not been explored in domestic and international records, specifically in the context of the Bronsi barracks brownfields in Mashhad.
Methodology
Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the present study examines the factors involved in sustainable land-use planning in the Bronsi Barracks brownfields in Mashhad. The study adopts the scenario-writing approach to prioritize these factors based on their impact on the future of the system and to identify the driving factors with the highest influence. Data collection employed both secondary research and surveys. The former was utilized to investigate relevant literature and examine the studied site, while the latter was conducted using the Delphi method and questionnaires distributed to eight experienced urban management experts in Mashhad.
To illustrate the variables in terms of their influence and susceptibility, a three-stage process was followed. This included the identification of variables across five categories: influential, two-faceted, susceptible, independent, and regulatory. Subsequently, structural-interpretive modeling and the Micmac software were utilized to define the relationships between these variables and identify key variables for further investigation of their respective ranges.
Conclusion
Brownfields have been found to diminish the value of surrounding properties and pose health risks to local communities as they clash with their environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the crucial factors involved in the planning of Bronsi Barracks brownfields in Mashhad. The results highlighted the significance of three factors in particular: land price, accessibility to services and facilities, and the number of land uses in inactive areas. These findings hold important implications for urban decision-makers in the studied sites and similar regions, as they strive to attain specific goals and create opportunities for inclusive urban utilization.
An analysis of the four scenarios revealed that the most probable scenario for the redevelopment of Bronsi Barracks brownfields was the first scenario, commonly known as the "center of problems." This scenario emphasized various challenges, including issues pertaining to management and institutions (such as inefficiencies in regulations and documents), environmental concerns, socioeconomic factors, and physical-spatial problems. Conversely, the most favorable scenario emerged as the fourth scenario, named the "all-inclusive barracks." This scenario indicated significant progress in all aspects and key factors, suggesting that socioeconomic and physical-spatial transformations could play pivotal roles in enhancing the area's conditions, based on the coefficients derived from the examination of these key factors.
Acknowledgments
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the urban managers and experts in Mashhad for their invaluable cooperation. We appreciate their willingness to provide answers to our questions and diligently complete the questionnaires, which greatly facilitated the progress of our research. Their assistance was instrumental in ensuring the smooth execution of this study.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mana Vahidbafandeh; Javad Imani Shamloo; Melika Fadavi; Niloofar Sultanvash
Abstract
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to public transportation systems worldwide, resulting in a substantial decrease in demand. In light of this, it is crucial to develop policies that mitigate potential risks and prioritize the health and safety of passengers. While the scientific ...
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to public transportation systems worldwide, resulting in a substantial decrease in demand. In light of this, it is crucial to develop policies that mitigate potential risks and prioritize the health and safety of passengers. While the scientific and collective understanding of the interplay between these two spheres is steadily growing, the absence of a comprehensive review focusing on sound policymaking is deemed significant. This present research aims to quantitatively synthesize and consolidate existing studies in the field to determine the effectiveness of various policies by examining overlapping sources and combining findings. The meta-analysis method was employed to fulfill the research objective, with both Persian and English scientific research articles constituting the statistical population. The search process involved manual selection and utilized relevant keywords such as "public transportation" and "COVID-19." Ultimately, a total of 50 scientific research articles (in Persian and English) were included as the final statistical population. For the execution of the meta-analysis, data were inputted into the Stata software, enabling the creation of a forest diagram (also known as an accumulation diagram). Furthermore, analytical connections between the research articles were established using the VOSviewer software. The findings of the synthesis reveal a profound research gap pertaining to the understanding of resource policies in this domain.
Keywords: Covid-19, Policy making, Public Transport, Meta-analysis.
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a significant and unprecedented challenge to the global public transportation sector. This crisis has led to a remarkable decrease in demand and revenue, affecting urban travel on a worldwide scale. While the decline in transportation activity has been observed across various modes, public transportation has been particularly impacted. In fact, the epidemic has caused a staggering 70% reduction in the utilization of public transportation services globally. Given the essential nature of public transportation for everyday commuting needs, complete cessation of services is impractical and not viable under any circumstances.
Public transportation systems are known to facilitate the spread of respiratory diseases due to the high concentration of passengers within confined spaces. Strong evidence indicates airborne transmission of the virus in enclosed environments—such as those encountered within these transportation networks. Despite this understanding, it is essential to acknowledge that many individuals heavily rely on public transportation as their primary means of travel due to economic constraints. Consequently, the precise role of public transport in the transmission of the virus remains undetermined.
Given the outlined issues, it becomes evident that a systematic categorization of the research conducted in this field is of utmost importance. Considerable investigation has already been undertaken to explore the impact of the novel coronavirus on public transportation. However, there exists a need for the present study to contribute to this body of knowledge by conducting a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Through this endeavor, the aim is to identify alternative and effective incentive policies that can enhance the demand for public transportation—a crucial mode of travel.
Literature Review
Respiratory infections typically spread through droplets and airborne particles, making closed environments more susceptible to transmission compared to open spaces. This poses a significant challenge for the public transportation sector. Governments worldwide have faced the necessity of implementing various policy measures to mitigate the impact of the pandemic, including initiatives focused on the quality control and management of public transportation routes, as well as addressing broader social aspects.
The epidemic has dealt a severe blow to public transportation systems, with the American Transportation Association reporting an astonishing 80% decrease in usage during the coronavirus outbreak. In the United States, a rapid decline in public transportation ridership can be attributed predominantly to concerns surrounding contagion. This decline has had profound ramifications, particularly for the transportation sector's workforce, resulting in significant job losses. Attention must be directed toward this critical issue, as it profoundly affects the economic aspects of the transportation industry.
Consequently, implementing appropriate strategies to improve the prevailing conditions and encourage a return to public transportation usage becomes imperative. Of particular significance is the persistent fear of contagion in public spaces, which continues to linger among the populace despite a reduction in the prevalence of the epidemic. Addressing this fear and restoring confidence in the safety of public transportation environments remain vital approaches to be considered.
Methodology
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses serve as indispensable tools for synthesizing and analyzing data from various studies related to a specific research topic. These methods have gained significant prominence across numerous fields in recent years and are widely acknowledged as instrumental approaches in research. Recognizing the significance of the research framework and the existing research gap concerning public transportation policies during the COVID-19 pandemic, it becomes imperative to prioritize the collection of relevant resources. Hence, the meta-analysis method emerges as the most appropriate technique for gathering comprehensive insights on this subject matter.
Results
The theoretical underpinnings of the research are foundational to the overall structure of the study, encompassing three key components, namely transportation, personal, and environmental and physical health. These components, as suggested by influential scholars such as Professor Stein, shape the core structure of the research. Upon conducting a comprehensive evaluation, it can be concluded that the theoretical foundations of the study possess notable strengths; however, they would benefit from further elucidation and organization. Findings from previous studies have also shed light on certain weaknesses within the research, including the absence of robust foundational theories, limited favorable conclusions in Persian articles, and a lack of primary sources. Furthermore, results from the analysis indicate that more than 45% of the reviewed articles lack a strong and coherent theoretical framework. On the other hand, over 46% of the articles (23 articles in total) draw upon diverse sources, which is regarded as a significant strength within the interpretive framework derived from the systematic review.
Conclusion
The global outbreak of the coronavirus has had a profound impact on various social and economic sectors, particularly in the realm of public transportation. Among the notable effects are significant reductions in intra-city travel and overall mobility within urban areas. In response, many governments were compelled to implement emergency measures, which included the adoption of restrictive policies aimed at curtailing non-essential trips and either closing or minimizing the utilization of public transportation networks. These policies played a crucial role in safeguarding public health and mitigating the transmission of the coronavirus, while concurrently necessitating the swift development and implementation of efficient solutions to ensure continued mobility. Noteworthy measures implemented in response to the pandemic encompassed a range of strategies, such as prioritizing individual health through practices like physical distancing and support for medical services. Additionally, efforts were made to enhance the efficiency of public transportation systems through the utilization of smart tools, segregation protocols, and other related initiatives. These policy considerations hold significant importance within the context of decision-making processes, as they address critical aspects of public health and effective urban transportation management.
