Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant ProfesIslamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Ph.D. student, Islamic Urbanism, Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
Irregularity and disturbance in facades’ materials, facades’ form and style, openings’ number and form, billboard advertisements, and extensions to facades have distanced the landscape of modern cities from the ideal Islamic model. The damages to the facades and their insecurity necessitate carefully examining the conformity of the facades’ condition with the expectations of Islamic jurisprudence. This qualitative research tries to pathologize urban landscape and facade policies through library studies, content analysis of Shia jurisprudence texts, and field observations. Assessing the conformity of the policies governing urban landscaping with Shia jurisprudence is the primary purpose of this research, and by referring to the rules of the sanctity of emulating outsiders, the rule of prohibition of detriment, the rule of destruction, and the rule of respecting human rights and avoiding aristocracy, it criticizes and analyzes the pathology of urban facades. This article concludes that a committee of experts in facade design, urban landscape, and jurisprudential rules should examine the conformity of facade designs and patterns with the jurisprudential rules and the ethical rules of the urban landscape. At the undergraduate level, it is essential to teach construction supervisors the policies of jurisprudence governing the urban landscape. Furthermore, due to its characteristics, each of the materials may conflict with some jurisprudential rules, which require facade designers to provide patterns in accordance with the ethics of landscaping and the jurisprudence rules.
Keywords: Islamic Ethics, Jurisprudential Rules, Urban Landscape, Façade.
Introduction
Visual disorder and disturbance, resulting from a lack of thought control, are abundantly observed in the view of urban spaces in facades’ materials, form and style, openings’ number and form, billboard advertisements and extensions to facades (Iman, 2013). Another issue related to the appearance of urban buildings, which is becoming increasingly abundant today, is the issue of showing off and pretending to be aristocracy. This is because in the religion of Islam and traditional Iranian urban planning, uniformity, introversion, equality and fraternity and avoiding aristocracy have always been considered values (Khalifai, 2017).
In today's cities, we see numerous and diverse patterns of facade construction, which alone cannot have a definite adverse verdict. But in many cities, this multiplicity and diversity have been actualized in an uncontrolled, unbridled and exaggerated way, in a way that the output of the urban landscape in the section of building facades has turned into forty pieces of normative and anti-value patterns and an amalgam of styles and materials. It has created various geometries and implementation methods. Every building tries to show off its appearance in such a limitless space.
This article responds to the question: "What are the damages of contemporary urban facades from the perspective of Shia jurisprudence?"And it has been followed to measure the conformity of the policies governing urban landscaping with the principles of Shia jurisprudence.
In this section, the theoretical literature of the subject, including terminology, key concepts and existing theories, are examined in the first step and then practical experiences in the second step. In the theoretical background of the Islamic urban civil engineering system, Islamic jurisprudence provides the ideological content of this system, and the technical knowledge of civil engineering provides the form, format, and implementation form of this system (Araki, 2017).Studies of the existing literature show that in the definition of the word "jurisprudence", despite the many expressions, there is a relative consensus with the theme of "understanding and deep understanding of a specific subject based on reference to authoritative documents".
METHODOLOGY
The current study was written with the aim of assessing the compliance of the governing procedures of urban landscaping with Shia jurisprudence and Islamic ethics. This article, in a descriptive-analytical method, has used library study techniques and the content analysis process of Shia jurisprudential texts (commentaries and compilations) and urban literature. In other words, the purpose of this article is to explain the needs of building facades in contemporary Iranian cities from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. This research compares and evaluates three models of glass, composite, and Roman facades, as examples of common non-native and luxurious models in facade construction, in terms of jurisprudence rules and professional ethics that oversee the image and urban landscape. The meta-criteria of beauty, safety, privacy, and aristocracy with their broad concepts have been placed as the criteria of this analysis.
RESULTs & DISCUSSION
Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning have a unique design, elegance and precision. In the meantime, the principles of the Islamic worldview have left an indelible influence on its identity and shaping. Dividing the length of the wall with vertical and horizontal proportions, the symmetry of the whole wall, the repetition and rhythm in the whole wall, framing proportions by vertical and horizontal elements, the height of the ground floor being higher than the upper floors, breaking the line of the ground and the sky by vertical elements, the hierarchy of the frame, the arrangement, the number of individual openings, the use of the pillared hall in the central openings, the hierarchical symmetry, the emphasis on the line of the sky and the ground, and the traditional Iranian-Islamic urban planning strategies are known in landscaping (Bahrini and Khosravi, 2013).
By studying documents in various texts, principles of the landscape of the Islamic city can be extracted, some of which are listed below: the principle of unity while plurality in Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning, the principle of moving from plurality to unity in spatial and geometric structure,the principle of centralism, the principle of ranking, the principle of avoiding extravagance and corruption, the principle of justice and humility, the principle of servitude, monotheism and guidance, the principle of meaningfulness of the environment for humans, the principle of hijab and avoiding the creation of sinful conditions, the principle of collective identity and avoiding dependence on strangers.The principle of monotheism, Islamic ethics, and Christianity (Mulaei, 2017; Naghizadeh et al., 2019; Pak Fitrat and Heydarzadeh, 2016; Karbaschi et al., 2012).
CONCLUSIONS
This section states several jurisprudential rules related to urban landscaping and views of Iranian-Islamic cities. 1. The jurisprudential rule of the sanctity of emulating outsiders, 2. The jurisprudential rule of the necessity of respecting human rights, 3. The jurisprudential rule of prohibition of detriment, 4. The rule of avoiding aristocracy, 5. The rule of destruction, 6. Islamic ethics.
The findings of the present research indicate that in decision-making, in the field of the urban landscape, the presence of a group of urban landscape jurisprudents who, in addition to being familiar with the concepts of urban planning, can review and adapt the proposals to the rules of Islamic jurisprudence is essential. Furthermore, the observance of Islamic ethics, which includes professional ethics, is mandatory for all designers and managers of urban facades and institutions such as the engineering system, beautification and urban landscape organizations, municipalities, etc., regarding the adoption of measures to adhere to designers and consider these ethical and jurisprudential principles in facade construction regulations will be responsible. On the other hand, citizen participation and every person living in urban areas, as a public demand, expect to consider facades in accordance with the principles and rules of Islamic jurisprudence, and planning regarding the emergence and emergence of Islamic ethics in urban facades is the responsibility of institutions in charge of urban planning laws in the heart of civil societies.
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