Morteza Ahmadi; Mahmood Ziaee; Reza Vaezi; Gholam Reza Kazemian; Fatemeh Yavarigohar
Abstract
Abstract
One of the practical issues leading to the success or failure of tourism development plans is the type of rationality that dominates the country’s planning system in each era and the corresponding planning theory. This article has been compiled to analyze the position of rationality in ...
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Abstract
One of the practical issues leading to the success or failure of tourism development plans is the type of rationality that dominates the country’s planning system in each era and the corresponding planning theory. This article has been compiled to analyze the position of rationality in planning as an epistemological framework in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. This research’s conceptual framework of rationality is based on Alexander’s Rationality Model (2000) and the new approaches to tourism planning. The philosophical paradigm of the study is based on interpretive epistemology, and its methodology is based on qualitative research. Archival Studies and Thematic Analysis methods have been used for gathering and analyzing data in this research. The study’s statistical population for the content analysis comprises the qualitative texts of Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. The findings of this research indicate that, for the first time, coordinative rationality has become dominant in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan (Approved in 2020). The components of rationality were recognized, and the share of each type of rationality was outlined by analyzing 85 themes and thematic networks in the strategic plan in this research.
Keywords: Tourism Planning, Rationality, Strategic Plan, Thematic Analysis, Tourism Development in Iran.
Introduction
The concept of tourism planning and its approaches have changed during the seven recent decades. The type of rationality corresponding to planning theory that dominates in each era greatly affected the nature of tourism development. In its early development until the 1940s, many scholars have contended that tourism grew without palpable planning (Inskeep,1991; Pearce,1989; Tosun & Jenkins,1998). Tourism was developed based on market mechanisms, and tourism planning was infrequent (Fitri and colleagues (2020). Reviewing the tourism literature indicates that during the 1950s and 1960s, tourism planning prevailed based on positivism, rationalism and instrumental rationality, physical planning, economically-oriented professionalism, and top-down planning. New approaches of planning theory, such as communicative planning, sustainable planning and integrative planning with the features of participative and bottom-up planning, initiated to emerge after the 1970s and 1980s so that gradually community-based tourism, ecotourism, responsible tourism, alternative tourism and sustainable tourism came into existence. The government approved the strategic plan for tourism development in Iran in 2020 in line with the 6th Five Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan for I.R of Iran (2017-2021). The present research investigates the type of rationality that dominates the mentioned strategic plan for tourism development using thematic analysis.
Materials and Methods
This study considers various approaches for tourism planning in line with the development planning system in Iran over the last seven decades. The position of rationality in the strategic tourism development plan in Iran (Approved by the Government Cabinet in 2020) is investigated in this research by applying thematic analysis. The study’s statistical population comprises the qualitative text of Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. Two methods comprising Archival Studies and Thematic Analysis were used. The first one applied to recognizing the components of rationality in tourism planning and introducing the theoretical foundations of this research. The second determines the type of rationality dominant to the plan. Regarding thematic analysis approaches (Braun & Clarke,2006; Attride- Stirling,2001; Boyatzis,1998), the phases considered in this research were: Data Familiarization, Code Generating, Theme Recognizing, Thematic Networks Drawing and finally, Analysis of Thematic Networks.
Discussion and Results
The tourism planning system in Iran has experienced various tourism development plans since the 1970s. The first master plan for tourism development in Iran was prepared by a foreign company called Tourist Consult in 1972 in line with the 4th national development plan for Iran (1968-1972), during the era of instrumental rationality dominance on tourism planning in the world. Investigating the types of rationality applied in the strategic plan (2020) for tourism development in Iran revealed three main themes emphasized in the plan. They were as follows:
Integration of tourism with the national macro policies,
Determination of duties and role of various related government organizations for tourism development (24 organizations),
Cooperation and participation of related organizations and tourism stakeholders.
Conclusions
This study revealed that the dominant type of rationality in Iran’s strategic plan for tourism development approved by the government cabinet in 2020 is coordinative rationality, which is for the first time taking place. One of the challenges for this plan recognized in the research is the lack of consideration for the private sector’s and local communities’ role in tourism development. Regarding the findings of this research, the following are suggested:
Applying various types of rationality in the process of tourism planning for Iran that can be manifested in coordinative planning.
Reforming the system of tourism planning in a way that various types of rationality can be applied in all planning phases, including the process of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
Mojtaba Rafieian; Delaram Shojaee
Abstract
Social sustainability to respond to the cities’ social problems and issues and as an efficient dimension in achieving sustainable urban development is a discourse that urban researchers have highly regarded in the last two decades, and researchers have looked at it with different dimensions ...
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Social sustainability to respond to the cities’ social problems and issues and as an efficient dimension in achieving sustainable urban development is a discourse that urban researchers have highly regarded in the last two decades, and researchers have looked at it with different dimensions of the urban built environment. The critical issue is the lack of comprehensive and systematic research in urban built environments, policies and plans. Therefore, the purpose of this study is a meta-synthesis review of selected sources to clarify the dimensions of social sustainability in these areas. Four categories of urban form, policies and plans, dimensions and features and the main areas of social sustainability have been identified by data coding using the MAXQDA software to achieve this goal. By understanding and explaining the stated categories, the results of the studies are presented in a framework of social sustainability, including conceptualization, policy-making and action in the urban built environment. Each dimension enters democracy-based, participation-based, and ideology-based discourses in a more remarkable synthesis. A deep understanding of the results provides a basis for future studies to conduct further studies in each proposed discourse and link them more effectively to social sustainability.
Keywords: Social Sustainability, Built Environment, Democracy, Ideology, Participation.
Introduction
Social sustainability to respond to the cities’ social problems and issues and as an efficient dimension in achieving sustainable urban development is a discourse that urban researchers have highly regarded in the last two decades. In general, despite the recent attention to social dimensions, social sustainability is still under theorization and has been less discussed in urban built environments. The critical issue is the lack of comprehensive and systematic research in urban built environments, policies and plans. Due to the multifaceted nature of social sustainability in these areas, studying these studies from different levels and degrees is necessary. What will be discussed in this study is: according to the review of various sources, what are the dimensions of social sustainability in the urban built environment, despite the importance of the policy and urban planning? Although there have been several studies on social sustainability in urban processes, built environment, urban development, etc., which have described and explained this concept, it seems that there is a lack of research that examines all the dimensions, characteristics and components of this concept and provides a comprehensive understanding of social sustainability in this field.
Methodology
Therefore, the purpose of this study is a meta-synthesis review of selected sources to clarify the dimensions of social sustainability in these areas. The upcoming research has been conducted using seven steps of meta-synthesis review and data coding using the MAXQDA software to achieve this goal. During the information extraction process, 258 primary codes were identified by the software using the open coding approach. In the next step, they were divided into 11 core codes based on common concepts according to the communication process of microdata. Then, by combining the core codes, four categories of urban form, policies and plans, dimensions and features, and the main areas of social sustainability were achieved.
Results & DISCUSSION
The category of urban form is formed by integrating the core codes of density, land use, urban space, housing, accessibility, built environment, housing and spatial structure. The category of policies and plans results from integrating the core codes of regeneration, renovation, urban management, neighborhood development, urban development plans, new urbanism, and TOD. The category of characteristics and contextual factors results from the action of the core codes of dependence on the context, dynamism, dependence on culture, etc. Finally, the category of social sustainability dimensions is formed by integrating the core codes of participation, equality, safety, sense of place, social inclusion, social cohesion, social capital, etc. By understanding and explaining the stated categories, the results of the studies are presented in a framework of social sustainability, including conceptualization, policy-making and action in the urban built environment. Each dimension enters democracy-based, participation-based and ideology-based discourses in a more remarkable synthesis. Democracy, which means equality, requires social policies to move toward sustainability. Moving toward inclusion and social cohesion in urban policies requires a democratic urban context to increase the social capital resulting from this connection and create well-being for the citizens. Social sustainability is discourse-based, and in a way, it is necessary to apply this concept and connect it as much as possible with the discourse of participation. The fact is that none of these concepts alone can explain social sustainability in studies and the urban environment. The connections and categories that make up these concepts are oriented on two levels. The first level includes people, government, and planners; the second level provides knowledge, power and cooperation. This framework creates a different level of interaction with the built environment depending on the political context and the ruling power. Planners can validate the powerlessness and silence of the excluded by representing their values, ideas, and worldviews and somehow turn them into the dominant ideology for achieving sustainability.
Conclusions
A deep understanding of the results provides a basis for future studies to conduct further studies in each proposed discourse and link them more effectively to social sustainability. The significant achievement of this research is combining the results of social sustainability studies in urban studies and providing a different perspective from the aspects presented in the form of a theoretical framework. In addition to defining the direction of urban studies in the field of social sustainability, this theoretical framework can emphasize that the proposed discourses are interwoven and interdependent. And whether social sustainability is used as a goal or a tool, all factors and layers must be considered together.
Sarah Faraj; Marjan Sharafi
Abstract
As the most well-known local authorities, mayors hold several roles that vary depending on different countries’ urban planning and management systems. The role and power of the mayor can be examined from two aspects of power on paper and power in practice. Thus, recognizing the mayor’s ...
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As the most well-known local authorities, mayors hold several roles that vary depending on different countries’ urban planning and management systems. The role and power of the mayor can be examined from two aspects of power on paper and power in practice. Thus, recognizing the mayor’s role and power requires recognizing the official and legal function and authority and how this role and power is perceived in practice. This research examines the role and power of Tehran’s mayor from two aspects: power on paper and power in practice. This study uses a quantitative-qualitative method to explain the concept of power on paper by examining the relevant laws and legislation. To analyze the mayor’s power in practice, the citizens’ perceptions were studied through surveys, and the city administrators’ perceptions were analyzed through semi-structured interviews. This research uses the inductive content analysis method for data analysis. The findings indicate that the mayor of Tehran holds political, executive, ceremonial and facilitating roles, and the legal power of such functions has been gradually weakened and curtailed (on paper). Furthermore, the mayor’s power in practice does not correspond to that outlined on paper and mayors with personal brand and political support act beyond the bounds of the law.
Keywords: Power of the Mayor, Role of the Mayor, Power on Paper, Power in Practice, the Mayor of Tehran.
Introduction
In recent years, significant emphasis has been placed on the importance and role of mayors in urban development. This importance is to the extent that in many countries, mayors are not only in charge of the political and administrative leadership of urban governments but also can affect the policies and actions of governments directly and indirectly through their viewpoints, decisions, and actions. As the most well-known local authorities, mayors hold several roles that vary depending on different countries’ urban planning and management systems. From resolving urban issues to becoming policymakers and responsible authorities who play a critical role in enhancing the quality of life for citizens and improving service delivery, their functions have changed significantly over time. There are two general aspects from which to view the role and power of the mayor. The first is the mayor’s power on paper, which may be ascertained by examining the laws and legislation pertaining to the election of the mayor and the broad range of their responsibilities. The second aspect is the power in practice, which determines the outcomes and the extent of their influence in execution and action. Thus, recognizing the mayor’s role and power in the country's urban management system requires recognizing the official and legal function and authority and how this role and power is perceived in practice. This research examines the role and power of Tehran’s mayor from two aspects: power on paper and power in practice.
Methodology
This study uses a quantitative-qualitative method to examine and recognize the power of Tehran’s Mayor on paper and in practice. To further clarify the idea of authority on paper, relevant laws, rules, and legislation have been analyzed. To investigate the authority of the mayor in practice, the citizens’ perceptions were studied through surveys, and the city administrators’ perceptions were analyzed through interviews. The selection of participants for the qualitative part of this study was intentional and in line with the development of concepts. This study collected and surveyed 15 semi-structured interviews with city managers and 200 questionnaires from the citizens of Tehran. The qualitative content analysis method and descriptive statistics were also used to analyze the research data.
Results & Discussion
The study shows that the mayor of Tehran holds political, executive, ceremonial and facilitating roles. However, the legal power of such functions has been gradually weakened and curtailed (on paper). There is a clear difference between the citizens and the executives’ perceptions of the role and power of Tehran’s mayor, and that is the greater emphasis of the citizens on the executive management role. This emphasis is commonly echoed with different keywords in response to the questions, bearing concepts such as resolving city problems, providing equal urban services, urban development, participation, and fulfilling the citizens’ demands. Suppose we examine the issue from a different angle. In that case, we will discover that although the mayor’s political role is not considered particularly crucial by the citizens (contrary to the executive managers), they regard it as one of the most defining roles of Tehran’s mayors in the past, following the executive management and corruption function (transgressing the law, as well as self and collective profit-seeking). The mayor’s power on paper covers specialization and managerial ability to hold the office, interplay with power levels to fulfill the executive function, authority to elect, appoint, and discharge managers and deputies, and accountability to the council and the people. This power in practice covers choosing and appointing directors and deputies, providing finances, establishing affiliated corporations and organizations, fulfilling citizens’ demands, asking people to participate in decision-making, and countering corruption and violation. Formal interactions with power levels (interaction with the city council, for example), self-expression, individual skills, and managerial capacity fall within the legal authority of the mayor in action as well. Alternatively, contextualizing political, governmental, and ideological conceptions, massive and macro-level political support, informal interaction and communication (trading off, lobbying, etc.), and massive structural and constructive actions, are all examples of informal authority of Tehran’s mayor in action. The aforementioned are instances of Tehran’s mayor functioning beyond formal authority. On the other hand, the interactions of Tehran’s mayor with institutions of political authority, inclusion in the hierarchy of power, and possession of political influence can be mentioned as examples of the political authority of Tehran’s mayor.
Conclusions
The study shows that how municipal administrators perceive the authority and function of the mayor differs from how citizens do. The mayor’s power in practice does not correspond to that outlined on paper, and mayors with personal brand and political support act beyond the bounds of the law.
Nazani Daeinezhad; Khosro Afzalian; Seyyed Javad Asadpour; Mohammad Hamed Mousavi
Abstract
Nowadays, in residential spaces, due to the architects' lack of attention to the components of sensory perception of residents and the lack of attention to the effect of the senses on their perception process, we are witnessing the deterioration of the quality of life and the unfavorable satisfaction ...
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Nowadays, in residential spaces, due to the architects' lack of attention to the components of sensory perception of residents and the lack of attention to the effect of the senses on their perception process, we are witnessing the deterioration of the quality of life and the unfavorable satisfaction of residents in their place of residence. Due to the fact that phenomenological attitudes in the field of residential spaces have received less attention from researchers, this research has taken advantage of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological perspective and the theories derived from it, and it aims to provide strategies to improve the quality of sensory perception of residents of residential spaces. This study is from the perspective of descriptive-analytical and survey methodology. It is done through questionnaires, and its statistical population is 50 experts in architecture. The SmartPLS 2.0 software is used to determine the validity of questionnaires, and the Friedman test is used in the SPSS software to prioritize data. The findings indicate that vernacular materials creating a memorable feeling with a T-statistic value of 3.47, flexibility and fluidity of the space with a T-statistic value of 3.44 and the use of symbols and signs with a T-statistic value of 3.12 have the most significant effect on improving the quality of sensory perception of residents of living spaces, which is explained in detail.
Keywords: Sensory Perception, Phenomenology, Residential Spaces, Merleau-Ponty.
Introduction
Every phenomenon has two aspects: the perceptual aspect and the structural aspect. Architecture gains meaning by stepping into the second dimension, which is perception. Considering that in the phenomenology of the built environment, receiving sensory data and transforming them in the processes of mental processing and representation and association to meanings plays the most crucial role, it is essential to deal with the feeling of architecture and its perception. After explaining the importance of sensory perception and its connection with the phenomenological perspective, the main issue investigated in this research is the qualitative degradation of the sensory perception of the residents of residential spaces in the contemporary period and, subsequently, the reduction of spatial reading and finally the degradation of the quality of life. Therefore, increasing the quality of life of the residents of contemporary housing depends on improving their residents’ perception of the environment. In this regard, considering the favorable relationship between the science of phenomenology and the process of sensory perception, this research mainly aims to use one of the components in the phenomenological view of Merleau-Ponty and related attitudes to improve the quality of sensory perception of residents of residential spaces. The following questions must be answered to achieve the primary purpose of the research:
1- What are the components and related indicators in sensory perception of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological attitude?
2- How can Ponty's phenomenological components be used for the qualitative perception of residents of residential spaces?
Methodology
The nature of the upcoming research is theoretical-applied. This study is a mixed type of research with two qualitative and quantitative parts. It first expresses the importance of sensory perception in residential spaces and its place in Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological approach. Then, the existing components and related indicators are categorized, and most questionnaires are presented to the expert statistical community to prioritize the most impact on the residents' sensory perception. To compile the questionnaires, the components of sensory perception from Merleau-Ponty's point of view were collected through library sources, book collections and articles. After coding, the components were arranged in dimensions (geographical-cultural, physical and semantic-perceptual criteria). In this part of the research, at first, specialized strategies are explained based on the component of the phenomenological approach, and experts are used only to prioritize the strategies.
Result & discussion
This research was aimed at presenting and prioritizing strategies for increasing the quality of sensory perception with a phenomenological approach based on Merleau-Ponty's point of view. It was suggested that the semantic-perceptual components have the most significant impact on the perception process of residents of residential spaces. The physical component and its sub-components, space flexibility and visual proportions are also effective in the sensory perception process of residents of residential spaces. In summary, it can be acknowledged that in the contemporary residential space, in order to improve the quality of the sensory perception of its residents, it is possible to use symbols and signs in the context of design and identity-building elements to evoke memories and strengthen sensory perception as well as fluidity as much as possible. The space is used through the flexibility and dynamics of the interior space and, finally, the visual proportions.
Conclusions
In order to improve the quality of the sensory perception of the residents of residential spaces, the following practical strategies can be presented based on the research’s findings:
ow
Component
Subcomponent
The final strategy
1
Semantic-perceptual
1- Using symbols and signs
2- Using identity elements
Today, in residential spaces, we see that these spaces have only been a shelter for their residents, and one of their most basic needs (their favorable perception of the environment and their sense of belonging to the space) is not given the necessary attention. This is achieved through strategies such as symbols and signs in the traditional architecture of Iran and the use of elements in the space that cause the perception and meaning of the environment as much as possible.
2
physical
1-Space flexibility
2-Visual proportions
The sense of sight is essential in the perception process of residents of residential spaces. However, the necessary attention is not paid to the sense of sight and its stimulation. This importance can be taken advantage of through strategies such as more fluidity of the space (furniture and flexible and dynamic elements) and visual proportions in the space to read the space as much as possible.
However, increasing the visual continuity, proportions, and human scale is a practical strategy to perceive the residents’ sense of vision in the residential space.
3
Geographical-cultural
1-Vernacular materials to create a memorable feeling
Today, one of the factors of the lack of interaction between the user and his residential environment is the lack of creating a memorable feeling and the subsequent degradation of the sense of belonging to the place and unfavorable sensory perception of the space. In the past, one of the strategies used in residential spaces was to use vernacular materials that were compatible with the climate and culture of that society. However, today, with the advancement of technology, the use of vernacular materials is less in accordance with the society's culture, and this causes a decrease in the residents' favorable perception of their living space.
On the other hand, the application of behavioral approaches in the design of residential buildings, based on the behavioral patterns of the residents and the socio-cultural characteristics of the residents in a building and residential space, leads to an increase in the residents’ perception.
Asghar Molaei; Mohammad Akbari Ryabi
Abstract
Irregularity and disturbance in facades’ materials, facades’ form and style, openings’ number and form, billboard advertisements, and extensions to facades have distanced the landscape of modern cities from the ideal Islamic model. The damages to the facades and their insecurity ...
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Irregularity and disturbance in facades’ materials, facades’ form and style, openings’ number and form, billboard advertisements, and extensions to facades have distanced the landscape of modern cities from the ideal Islamic model. The damages to the facades and their insecurity necessitate carefully examining the conformity of the facades’ condition with the expectations of Islamic jurisprudence. This qualitative research tries to pathologize urban landscape and facade policies through library studies, content analysis of Shia jurisprudence texts, and field observations. Assessing the conformity of the policies governing urban landscaping with Shia jurisprudence is the primary purpose of this research, and by referring to the rules of the sanctity of emulating outsiders, the rule of prohibition of detriment, the rule of destruction, and the rule of respecting human rights and avoiding aristocracy, it criticizes and analyzes the pathology of urban facades. This article concludes that a committee of experts in facade design, urban landscape, and jurisprudential rules should examine the conformity of facade designs and patterns with the jurisprudential rules and the ethical rules of the urban landscape. At the undergraduate level, it is essential to teach construction supervisors the policies of jurisprudence governing the urban landscape. Furthermore, due to its characteristics, each of the materials may conflict with some jurisprudential rules, which require facade designers to provide patterns in accordance with the ethics of landscaping and the jurisprudence rules.
Keywords: Islamic Ethics, Jurisprudential Rules, Urban Landscape, Façade.
Introduction
Visual disorder and disturbance, resulting from a lack of thought control, are abundantly observed in the view of urban spaces in facades’ materials, form and style, openings’ number and form, billboard advertisements and extensions to facades (Iman, 2013). Another issue related to the appearance of urban buildings, which is becoming increasingly abundant today, is the issue of showing off and pretending to be aristocracy. This is because in the religion of Islam and traditional Iranian urban planning, uniformity, introversion, equality and fraternity and avoiding aristocracy have always been considered values (Khalifai, 2017).
In today's cities, we see numerous and diverse patterns of facade construction, which alone cannot have a definite adverse verdict. But in many cities, this multiplicity and diversity have been actualized in an uncontrolled, unbridled and exaggerated way, in a way that the output of the urban landscape in the section of building facades has turned into forty pieces of normative and anti-value patterns and an amalgam of styles and materials. It has created various geometries and implementation methods. Every building tries to show off its appearance in such a limitless space.
This article responds to the question: "What are the damages of contemporary urban facades from the perspective of Shia jurisprudence?"And it has been followed to measure the conformity of the policies governing urban landscaping with the principles of Shia jurisprudence.
In this section, the theoretical literature of the subject, including terminology, key concepts and existing theories, are examined in the first step and then practical experiences in the second step. In the theoretical background of the Islamic urban civil engineering system, Islamic jurisprudence provides the ideological content of this system, and the technical knowledge of civil engineering provides the form, format, and implementation form of this system (Araki, 2017).Studies of the existing literature show that in the definition of the word "jurisprudence", despite the many expressions, there is a relative consensus with the theme of "understanding and deep understanding of a specific subject based on reference to authoritative documents".
METHODOLOGY
The current study was written with the aim of assessing the compliance of the governing procedures of urban landscaping with Shia jurisprudence and Islamic ethics. This article, in a descriptive-analytical method, has used library study techniques and the content analysis process of Shia jurisprudential texts (commentaries and compilations) and urban literature. In other words, the purpose of this article is to explain the needs of building facades in contemporary Iranian cities from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. This research compares and evaluates three models of glass, composite, and Roman facades, as examples of common non-native and luxurious models in facade construction, in terms of jurisprudence rules and professional ethics that oversee the image and urban landscape. The meta-criteria of beauty, safety, privacy, and aristocracy with their broad concepts have been placed as the criteria of this analysis.
RESULTs & DISCUSSION
Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning have a unique design, elegance and precision. In the meantime, the principles of the Islamic worldview have left an indelible influence on its identity and shaping. Dividing the length of the wall with vertical and horizontal proportions, the symmetry of the whole wall, the repetition and rhythm in the whole wall, framing proportions by vertical and horizontal elements, the height of the ground floor being higher than the upper floors, breaking the line of the ground and the sky by vertical elements, the hierarchy of the frame, the arrangement, the number of individual openings, the use of the pillared hall in the central openings, the hierarchical symmetry, the emphasis on the line of the sky and the ground, and the traditional Iranian-Islamic urban planning strategies are known in landscaping (Bahrini and Khosravi, 2013).
By studying documents in various texts, principles of the landscape of the Islamic city can be extracted, some of which are listed below: the principle of unity while plurality in Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning, the principle of moving from plurality to unity in spatial and geometric structure,the principle of centralism, the principle of ranking, the principle of avoiding extravagance and corruption, the principle of justice and humility, the principle of servitude, monotheism and guidance, the principle of meaningfulness of the environment for humans, the principle of hijab and avoiding the creation of sinful conditions, the principle of collective identity and avoiding dependence on strangers.The principle of monotheism, Islamic ethics, and Christianity (Mulaei, 2017; Naghizadeh et al., 2019; Pak Fitrat and Heydarzadeh, 2016; Karbaschi et al., 2012).
CONCLUSIONS
This section states several jurisprudential rules related to urban landscaping and views of Iranian-Islamic cities. 1. The jurisprudential rule of the sanctity of emulating outsiders, 2. The jurisprudential rule of the necessity of respecting human rights, 3. The jurisprudential rule of prohibition of detriment, 4. The rule of avoiding aristocracy, 5. The rule of destruction, 6. Islamic ethics.
The findings of the present research indicate that in decision-making, in the field of the urban landscape, the presence of a group of urban landscape jurisprudents who, in addition to being familiar with the concepts of urban planning, can review and adapt the proposals to the rules of Islamic jurisprudence is essential. Furthermore, the observance of Islamic ethics, which includes professional ethics, is mandatory for all designers and managers of urban facades and institutions such as the engineering system, beautification and urban landscape organizations, municipalities, etc., regarding the adoption of measures to adhere to designers and consider these ethical and jurisprudential principles in facade construction regulations will be responsible. On the other hand, citizen participation and every person living in urban areas, as a public demand, expect to consider facades in accordance with the principles and rules of Islamic jurisprudence, and planning regarding the emergence and emergence of Islamic ethics in urban facades is the responsibility of institutions in charge of urban planning laws in the heart of civil societies.
Seyyed Mohammadmahdi Hosseinikia; Negar Khiabanchian; Hadi Rezaei Rad
Abstract
A successful urban space has a wide range of subjective and objective components, and paying attention to physical indicators plays a decisive role in creating a "successful" place. One of its strategies is the development of pedestrian zones in cities. This research has been carried out in search ...
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A successful urban space has a wide range of subjective and objective components, and paying attention to physical indicators plays a decisive role in creating a "successful" place. One of its strategies is the development of pedestrian zones in cities. This research has been carried out in search of the answer to what factors can contribute to the success of pedestrianization projects and place development. This article deals with the comparative analysis of the pedestrianization project of two streets leading to the central square of Hamedan City before and after implementation to investigate the qualitative and quantitative components of the place. The research method combines qualitative and quantitative methods, and observations, interviews, and questionnaires are used to collect information, along with library and documentary studies. The research findings indicate that in this case study, unlike sociability, the three indicators of accessibility, uses and activities, comfort and mental image creation have not improved much. In addition to that, there is a strong relationship between interconnectedness and sociability. Furthermore, improving the quality of the place cannot be done in a one-dimensional way and with a narrow view of specific components. It requires that pedestrianization projects are implemented considering all the components.
Keywords: Pedestrian Zone, Successful Place, PPS Matrix, Spatial Arrangement, Urban Square.
Introduction
Extensive studies in the field of pedestrianization implementation have become a new topic in the development of Iran. Most of these researches are in three categories: 1- feasibility studies, 2- evaluation of the social effects of the implementation of such projects, and 3- providing solutions to carry out this process. Studies have been conducted on various social, historical and urban design consequences. The commonality of the current research is in the investigation of the spatial components of pedestrian construction with these investigations, and its special place among these studies is the measurement of the qualitative components of the pedestrian place with a comparative approach to investigate the quality success.
Methodology
This practical research is considered a subset of qualitative and quantitative analysis. To answer the research question, that is, how and to what extent pedestrianization can lead to the improvement of the quality components of the place, and to collect the required information, in addition to library and document studies using tools and analysis, and observing primary qualitative information through review, observations, identification, descriptions and characteristics of the study area (Imam plaza) were done in terms of the environment. Then, interviews were started by distributing questionnaires among the people using the study area. The questions were set by putting the sociability items in the PPS matrix and using the Delphi method. In the end, the answers were explained. Due to these, urban sidewalks are one of the urban public places, and the opinion of urban field experts about the success of an urban public place, the PPS matrix was the closest model to these components. Furthermore, a quantitative measurement tool was needed to analyze space syntax to clarify the hidden dimensions of the components of the place in the qualitative investigation.
Results & Discussion
The findings indicate a special relationship between the correlation index in quantitative analysis and the qualitative sociability index. As a result, the quantitative test confirms the results of the qualitative analysis regarding the promotion of sociability in the field of Bu-Ali after the implementation. The reason for this is the higher macro-intermediate connection in Bu-Ali compared to Ekbatan. This is despite the local connection being more in Ekbatan than Bu-Ali. It shows the ratio of comparisons of sociability with connectivity in the two axes of Bu-Ali and Ekbatan before and after the implementation of pedestrianization. It also confirms the relevance and complementarity of qualitative and quantitative research presented in previous studies and knowledge.
Conclusions
It shows examples of holistic and not reductive urban design to create a "successful" place. It also states that a quality and sustainable design cannot highlight one aspect and expect growth in full force. The development of pedestrianization should consider the use of land and buildings as well as urban infrastructure and "access and links, comfort and image, applications and activities" in the design considerations. In future studies, other aspects, such as the economic component, can be addressed, and the current research results can be used for such scientific studies.
