Urban and Regional Development Planning
Saman Yousefvand; Shapour Salmanvandi; Morteza Ganji
Abstract
The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the ...
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The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the study aims to offer a realistic analysis of the local conditions and needs specific to the area, all within the context of the locality. To achieve these goals, purposeful sampling methods were employed, and data was gathered through the use of participatory observation tools and semi-structured interviews, followed by meticulous analysis using thematic analysis techniques. A total of 21 interviews were conducted across seven marginalized neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city. Following the coding process, 109 primary codes and 11 organizing themes were identified, ranging from issues such as dangerous living conditions, migrant populations, job insecurity, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited negotiating power, organizational shortcomings, confrontational management styles, perceptions of inequality, shirking of responsibilities, interventions for development, to the absence of institutional support. These findings culminated in the selection of the overarching theme of the study: "the entrapment of powerlessness and deprivation within the marginalized community." The crux of the article's argument lies in attributing the powerlessness and deprivation prevalent in Khorramabad's marginalized community to the unequal hierarchical structures within the planning and implementation systems, coupled with inefficient community organization. To ameliorate the marginalized community's circumstances, the study advocates for the adoption of a justice-centered urban governance approach and the reconfiguration of urban societal structures.
Keywords: Social Issue, Marginalization, Powerlessness, Poverty and Deprivation Trap, Urban Governance.
Introduction
Marginalization, predominantly an urban phenomenon, signifies the condition where residents lack access to the economic and official urban infrastructure, often resembling living conditions in slum areas. These marginalized communities typically form in semi-permanent or permanent settlements along rivers, railway lines, city entrances and exits, among other locations (Cahyani, D. Widaningsih, 2019). In recent years, the escalating number of marginal areas and the ensuing repercussions has propelled marginalization into a pressing challenge within the nation's planning and decision-making framework. Recognizing the gravity and repercussions of marginalization, various stakeholders such as experts, policymakers, and civil activists have scrutinized and elucidated this phenomenon through different lenses. Academic scholars and researchers delve into the causes, contexts, and consequences of marginalization; policymakers enact laws and regulations and undertake executive initiatives; while civil activists form campaigns and organizations to aid the impoverished and vulnerable populations residing in informal settlements and marginalized areas.
The predicament of marginalization gains heightened sensitivity in disadvantaged provinces like Lorestan. The prevalence of hierarchical disparities, inequities in access to resources at the macro level, soaring rates of unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and deeply entrenched ethnic and tribal biases amplify the ramifications and ramifications of this challenge within such regions. In Khorramabad city, marginalized communities are dispersed across the urban landscape, spanning central and peripheral areas, characterized by marginal infrastructure and external perceptions shrouded in pessimism, juxtaposed with the proliferation of poverty and social adversities. Addressing the issue of marginalization in Khorramabad city emerges as a pressing necessity.
Consequently, several studies have explored facets of marginalization issues (causes, contexts, and consequences) in Lorestan province. This article, employing a critical ethnographic approach and thematic analysis technique, endeavors to comprehend the predicament of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. It seeks to illuminate the predominant narratives drawn from individuals' lived experiences within these marginalized settings and, subsequently, offering a contextualized and realistic analysis tailored to the region's specific demands. Hence, this research endeavors to address fundamental questions such as: What is the marginalized community's perception of their marginalization situation? How do they interpret their experiences residing in these marginalized areas?
Literature Review
Numerous studies have delved into the realms of marginalization and informal settlements. Many of these research endeavors, adopting a survey approach, have explored the factors influencing the emergence of informal settlements and migration to the peripheries of cities (Rabbani et al., 2015; Zangiabadi and Mobaraki, 2011; Naqdi, 2012; Taleb and Yusuf-Vand, 2014; Biranvand, 2013; Mirzapur, 2014). These studies have highlighted that the socio-economic dynamics between the origin (village) and the destination play a pivotal role in shaping migration patterns and fostering the development of informal settlements. Additionally, there have been physical studies analyzing the spatial distribution of urban poverty (Mirzapour, 2014; Khodayi and Timuri, 2015).
Research in the field of marginalization boasts a rich historical background, encompassing various thematic areas. Primarily adopting a survey methodology, many of these studies have scrutinized the root causes, contexts, and repercussions of marginalization and migration. Some inquiries influenced by a physical perspective have explored aspects of marginalization and the spatial distribution of urban poverty. Others have focused on social issues, detriments, and the distinctive traits of marginalized populations. Amidst these endeavors, a scant few have approached the lives of marginalized communities through an emic lens, seeking to understand their perspectives and experiences firsthand.
Therefore, to contribute to and enhance the existing body of research, this study endeavors to elucidate and interpret the reality of marginalization through the voice of the marginalized community, aiming to enrich the scholarly discourse on this pressing issue.
Methodology
This research employs a qualitative and critical ethnographic methodology, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Critical ethnography delves into power dynamics and mechanisms of domination to examine the conditions for progress and impediments to improvement (Madison, 2012). The study utilized purposive sampling to select participants, interviewing 21 marginalized individuals across seven neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city until theoretical saturation was achieved, indicating that no new insights were forthcoming from additional interviews. Consequently, the authors utilized this sample for data analysis, ensuring a comprehensive representation. Efforts were made to encompass a diverse range of perspectives by including participants of varying genders and age groups. The research commenced with an exploratory phase involving immersion in the community under study, followed by data collection through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. This methodological approach sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized individuals within the context of their lived realities.
Results
The research findings reveal a multitude of challenges faced by marginalized and impoverished residents in the region, including insufficient income, engagement in precarious and informal work, widespread social issues (e.g., addiction, conflicts, theft), unsafe living conditions, disregard for civic responsibilities in accessing public resources, environmental degradation, inadequate housing and unauthorized construction, absence of essential amenities and services, and limited engagement in local governance. Within this study, disadvantaged communities have highlighted diverse facets of their struggles and hardships. Subsequently, the identified issues are synthesized into overarching thematic categories for presentation and analysis.
5. Conclusion
This research, adopting a critical ethnography approach and employing thematic analysis, aims to explore the circumstances and challenges faced by the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city. The research findings are presented through an analytical-thematic model, with the primary category derived from community data being "powerlessness and the entrapment of marginalization." This concept underscores the dire conditions and precarious existence of the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city, ensnared in a complex web of intertwined marginalization. Various facets of their powerlessness and deprivation intertwine to alienate them from mainstream society and official culture. This issue is rooted in the failure of organizational and administrative policies of government entities. Local residents critique the ineffectiveness, deficiencies, and incapacity of governmental institutions in managing and empowering marginalized areas. They perceive themselves as victims of unjust social policies implemented by these institutions, which have hindered societal development and neglected community needs and preferences.
Hamid Amadeh; Abdorasoul Ghasemi; Amir Mohamad Jirsaraee
Abstract
As societies grow and develop, pollution has emerged as a fundamental management challenge in the contemporary world. This issue holds particular significance in developing countries where economic growth and environmental quality often clash in policy-making. Urban solid waste is a prevalent ...
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As societies grow and develop, pollution has emerged as a fundamental management challenge in the contemporary world. This issue holds particular significance in developing countries where economic growth and environmental quality often clash in policy-making. Urban solid waste is a prevalent form of pollution afflicting cities, including Tehran. The pivotal question is whether the production of urban solid waste increases in tandem with citizens' incomes. This article delves into the relationship between the per capita income of Tehran residents and the volume of urban solid waste they generate within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. Given that household activities directly drive municipal solid waste production, the findings of this study shed light on citizens' environmental preferences. Utilizing panel data from 2007 to 2016 across 22 districts of Tehran, the study confirms that the quadratic model hypothesis of the EKC adequately analyzes this relationship based on Wald's test. Additionally, utilizing the fixed effects method, the study demonstrates the significant impact of per capita income on waste generation. Moreover, the analysis includes population density and household size as control variables, revealing a negative correlation between population density and waste production, while the impact of household size remains statistically insignificant.
Keywords: Solid Urban Waste, EKC, Panel Data, Tehran.
Introduction
The escalating population growth, urbanization expansion, and industrial development witnessed in recent decades have significantly elevated environmental concerns. A paramount issue among these concerns is the discharge of diverse pollutants, posing a pressing challenge for contemporary societies and garnering considerable attention from governmental entities, academia, and researchers. Waste, as a by-product of human endeavors, manifests in various dimensions and necessitates thorough examination. This study delves into the production of municipal solid waste (MSW) and its correlation with citizen income.
The primary focus of this research is to scrutinize the interplay between citizens' income levels and waste generation, particularly waste directly emanating from households. The underlying research hypothesis posits that as citizens' income rises, there is an initial upsurge in consumption and subsequent waste production. However, as per capita income levels advance, it is anticipated that individuals' preferences will undergo a transformation. This evolution is envisaged to manifest as a heightened environmental conscientiousness, leading to a shift towards prioritizing environmental quality and consequently diminishing waste generation.
Literature Review
Within the realm of environmental economics, scholarly attention has been directed towards exploring the intricate relationship between waste generation and per capita income through the lens of the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory. This hypothesis posits an inverted U-shaped association between per capita income and environmental degradation, with a specific focus on urban solid waste within the scope of the present study. Over the recent years, the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory has been employed as a theoretical framework to elucidate the link between per capita income levels and the proliferation of diverse environmental pollutants.
The term "Environmental Kuznets Curve" (EKC) was coined by (Dasgupta and Maler, 1994) owing to the resemblance of this curve to the fundamental Kuznets curve. Subsequently, (Shafik and Bandyopadhyay, 1992) posited, under the assumption of technological stability, consistent consumer preferences, and continued investment in environmental conservation, that escalating economic activities serve as a catalyst for environmental deterioration. Expounding on this notion, (Beckerman, 1992) delineated the presence of evidence showcasing environmental pollution during the early stages of economic advancement. Ultimately, Beckerman advocated for the augmentation of societal income as the paramount and most effective strategy to safeguard and ameliorate the environment.
Methodology
The focal point of this study revolves around the interplay between the income levels of Tehran's residents and the volume of solid waste generated by them. Urban solid waste emanates directly from household sources or urban establishments, indicative of the significant influence citizens possess over the production of this particular form of pollution. This investigation draws upon panel data encompassing 22 districts within Tehran. Specifically, the study incorporates data from the 22 districts under the purview of Tehran Metropolitan Municipality over a temporal span stretching from the year 2006 to 2016, totaling a duration of 10 years. The principal dependent variable under scrutiny pertains to the per capita quantity of waste generated by individuals, with this data sourced from official statistics released by the Municipality of Tehran through the Information and Communication Technology Organization.
Results
To initiate the model estimation process, the F-Limer's test was employed to ascertain the distinct impacts of individual sections. The test results unequivocally rejected the null hypothesis with complete certainty, signifying the inadequacy of assuming uniform origins across all regions. Consequently, the data conveys a nuanced perspective by embracing the notion of unique regional effects as opposed to a homogeneous data distribution. Subsequently, the Hausman test was utilized to discern the most appropriate estimation method between fixed effects and random effects.
Upon a thorough examination of the statistical values within the table and the associated probabilities, it was determined that the random effect estimator should be disregarded with a probability exceeding 95%, thereby endorsing the utilization of the fixed effects method. Subsequently, the quadratic model was estimated employing the fixed effects approach.
The estimated coefficients for the variables exhibit significance, barring the household dimension variable. Remarkably, the coefficient of the squared per capita income variable is not only negative but also statistically significant, underscoring the presence of an inverse U-shaped correlation between per capita income and urban solid waste production. This observation aligns with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, indicating that as the income of citizens in the 22 districts of Tehran rises, the initial surge in solid waste generation eventually plateaus and diminishes beyond a certain threshold. Moreover, the estimated coefficient for population density displays a negative and statistically significant relationship with urban solid waste production, elucidating that heightened population density inversely correlates with the amount of solid waste yielded by inhabitants.
Discussion
In specific districts within Tehran, the initiation of efforts to diminish urban waste generation has been spurred by income escalations, while in alternate areas; a decline in waste output is projected to transpire once a particular threshold of per capita income is reached. It is imperative to emphasize that these outcomes should not be construed to imply a passive reliance on income augmentation alone to address urban waste management issues, thereby underscoring the continued significance of espousing efficient policies within this domain.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Amin Alipour; Mahmoud Sharepour
Abstract
Since the inception of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) in 2007, numerous residential complexes have been erected nationwide. Housing initiatives, beyond their fundamental role of shelter provision, are essential in addressing the social welfare of inhabitants, encompassing dimensions such as ...
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Since the inception of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) in 2007, numerous residential complexes have been erected nationwide. Housing initiatives, beyond their fundamental role of shelter provision, are essential in addressing the social welfare of inhabitants, encompassing dimensions such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. A decade following the initial housing allocations, an examination of the social ramifications of the IMHP is warranted. Diverse studies on the IMHP conducted across various Iranian cities indicate a prevalent dearth of satisfaction among residents residing in IMHP complexes. Notably, these complexes vary in ownership structure – state-owned versus self-owned – and geographical location – within or outside urban boundaries. Consequently, this study aims to compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents in state-owned and self-owned housing, both within and beyond urban limits. The investigation focused on 13 IMHP complexes in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar, employing quantitative methodologies. Through the application of a stratified sampling approach, 346 questionnaires were administered within these complexes. Non-parametric statistical analyses, including the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were utilized to assess variable discrepancies across distinct complexes and explore the relationships between these variables. Noteworthy findings reveal that residents in IMHP complexes situated within urban boundaries exhibit heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and belonging compared to their counterparts in complexes located outside urban perimeters, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance. Conversely, no significant variation was observed between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the aforementioned dimensions.
Keywords: Iran’s Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP), Sense of Belonging, Sense of Security, Sense of Satisfaction.
Introduction
The implementation of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) since 2007 has led to the development of diverse residential complexes across the country. These complexes are found in a variety of settings, ranging from metropolitan areas to small towns and villages, touristic and non-touristic cities, as well as within and outside urban boundaries. Furthermore, these complexes exhibit variations in their ownership structure, with some being constructed by the public sector and others by the private sector. Consequently, a notable heterogeneity exists among these residential developments.
In addition to the provision of shelter, housing endeavors must also address the social welfare needs of residents, including aspects such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate and compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents residing in IMHP residential complexes. These variables are inherently subjective in nature and are contingent upon the unique characteristics and dynamics of each complex. With a decade having passed since the initial allocations of housing units, it is an opportune time to scrutinize these subjective dimensions among residents.
Central to this inquiry is the exploration of significant differences that may exist among various IMHP complexes concerning the sense of security, satisfaction, and belonging experienced by their residents. The aim is to assess the extent of variability across these essential social indicators and delve into the nuances that shape the residential experiences within different IMHP complexes.
Research Question(s)
- Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes in Babol and Babolsar regarding the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging experienced by residents?
- Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes located within and outside the city boundaries in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging perceived by residents?
- Do significant differences exist between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging reported by residents?
Literature Review
The concept of security encompasses various dimensions, including economic security, food security, political security, health security, environmental security, individual security, and social security (United Nations Development Program, 1994: 24). This study specifically focuses on individual and social security, representing a sense of security experienced by individuals. The sense of security is a subjective notion that encompasses feelings of safety and freedom from fear (Bollens, 2008).
Satisfaction can be defined through both subjective and objective indicators. Subjective indicators may include the quality of neighborhood relationships (Choudhury, 2005; Amerigo & Aragones, 1997; Galster & Hesser, 1981), while objective indicators may comprise the quality of the residential environment (Fleury-Bahi et al., 2008; Liu, 1999). However, satisfaction is fundamentally subjective as it can be influenced by an individual's ideals or life purposes (Galster, 1987, p.539). Consequently, within the same housing setting, individuals may exhibit varying levels of satisfaction.
The "sense of belonging" is molded by a complex interplay of factors that foster an individual's attachment to their neighborhood and its inhabitants. This bond between an individual, their residential environment, and the community deepens and evolves over time (Norberg-Schulz, 1997; Altman & Low, 1992; Rapoport, 1990; Hummon, 1992; Shamai, 1991; Tuan, 2001; Relph).
Several studies have been conducted on Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) in various Iranian cities, indicating a general trend of low satisfaction among residents of IMHP complexes (Nouri Imani et al., 2019; Mahmoudi & Vahid, 2019; Mohammadzadeh, 2016).
Methodology
This research employed quantitative methods to investigate 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes located in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar. Through the implementation of a stratified sampling methodology, a total of 346 questionnaires were distributed within these complexes. Non-Parametric tests, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were employed to compare variables across different complexes and to explore the relationships between these variables.
Results
The data depicted in the graph presented below elucidate the status of the three variables under investigation across the 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes. To address the research inquiries, these three variables were amalgamated to form a composite variable termed the subjective index score.
- The results obtained from the Mann-Whitney test reveal that the subjective index score of the IMHP complexes in Babol surpasses that of Babolsar, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance.
- Findings from the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that the subjective index score of IMHP complexes situated within the municipal boundaries is markedly higher than those located outside, with this contrast also demonstrating statistical significance.
- In accordance with the Mann-Whitney test analysis, no noteworthy distinction is evident in the subjective index scores between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes.
Figure 1. sense of security, satisfaction and belonging in the IMHP complexes
Conclusion
The outcomes of the study underscore the significance of the geographical placement of Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes in shaping the subjective index score, encompassing feelings of security, satisfaction, and belonging among residents. It appears that residing in residential complexes situated in non-touristic cities within their perimeters is associated with heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. Conversely, the type of ownership, whether state-owned or self-owned, does not seem to yield a substantial distinction in the aforementioned subjective measures within IMHP complexes.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments are extended to Dr. Morteza Jaberi Moghadam, Dr. Ahmad Reaei, Ali Sobati, and Bahram Akbarzadeh for their invaluable assistance and unwavering support.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Negar Khiabanchian; Masoumeh Khameh; Hasan Sajadzadeh; Shima Eslampour
Abstract
Focusing on the spatial resilience of urban squares, a key component of urban infrastructure, plays a crucial role in maintaining the vitality, identity, and defining characteristics of cities. Addressing how social and physical factors contribute to spatial resilience through scholarly investigation ...
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Focusing on the spatial resilience of urban squares, a key component of urban infrastructure, plays a crucial role in maintaining the vitality, identity, and defining characteristics of cities. Addressing how social and physical factors contribute to spatial resilience through scholarly investigation is paramount in urban research. The study at hand is both developmental and applied in its approach, utilizing a mixed-methods research design encompassing qualitative and quantitative techniques. The qualitative segment involved establishing a conceptual framework through comprehensive literature review, employing observational tools, interviews, and questionnaires to elucidate and scrutinize the factors at play. The quantitative analysis utilized software (City Engine) to assess correlations. Noteworthy findings highlight the significance of the cultural aspects of urban square central structures in bolstering spatial resilience through social factors. Moreover, the research underscores that enhancing physical connectivity positively impacts social indicators. The interdependence of social and physical elements in shaping spatial resilience is apparent, as they mutually reinforce each other and compensate for deficiencies in specific indicators.Keywords: Urban Square, Spatial Resilience, Social Factors, Physical Factors, Integration. IntroductionThe primary objective of this article is to address the following key research inquiries: 1) What specific physical and social factors and components influence the spatial resilience of significant urban squares? 2) What is the current level of spatial resilience indicators in prominent urban locales? To tackle these questions, a comprehensive analysis integrating both qualitative and quantitative physical and social indicators was conducted to elucidate the components contributing to spatial resilience in urban squares. This research delves into the examination of various factors that have played a pivotal role in bolstering the resilience of urban squares within three focal squares in Hamedan city. The outcomes of this study hold relevance for public and urban development initiatives aimed at enhancing the design and functionality of urban squares, thereby fostering environments with heightened levels of spatial resilience.MethodologyThis investigation serves a practical and developmental purpose as a comparative study and analysis, falling within the realm of qualitative research. Drawing upon library resources, documentation, observational techniques, case studies, and participatory interview methodologies, the research seeks to elucidate the factors influencing the spatial resilience of three prominent urban squares—specifically, Imam Square, Bu Ali Square, and Baba Taher Square in Hamedan. The study aims to identify the physical and social constituents contributing to the resilience of these urban spaces and formulate a model for spatially resilient environments. To facilitate comprehensive data collection, a combination of library research, documentary analysis, on-site observations, and participatory interviews were employed. Initially, qualitative analyses were conducted through meticulous investigation, observation, and description of parameters and characteristics within the aforementioned squares. Subsequently, utilizing the Minnesota method, interviews were conducted with frequent users of the spaces to gain insights into their perceptions and experiences. The target demographic comprised individuals who regularly engaged with these squares on a daily or weekly basis. Recognizing that certain influential parameters in physical and social analyses may elude direct observation, interviews were instrumental in capturing nuanced components. Findings were synthesized based on data retrieved from various sources, including user experiences, observations of pedestrian flows in key pathways surrounding the squares, and layered information analysis techniques.Results & DiscussionUpon scrutinizing the quantitative results, it has been discerned that the correlation coefficient values for all three studied urban squares are notably high, predominantly attributable to the social dimension and human presence, thereby enhancing spatial resilience. This study employed a quantitative test to evaluate correlation values on a macro level, alongside a qualitative explanatory approach for environmental analysis within the sample domains. The quantitative test was instrumental in complementing the insights derived from qualitative explanations, revealing that while the correlation indices at the macro level were nearly identical for Bu Ali Square and Baba Taher Square, disparities in their local integration significantly influenced the social presence within these two spaces. This observation underscores the interplay between quantitative correlation analysis and the qualitative measure of social presence. For instance, the bustling human activity at Bu Ali Square, situated near the city center, functions as a focal point due to its diverse functionality and ability to cater to the daily requirements of users and residents.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the significance of both physical and social components in determining the spatial resilience of an urban square, thus substantiating the initial hypothesis posited in this study regarding the pivotal role played by the amalgamation of physical and social factors in spatial resilience. Optimal spatial resilience in an urban setting, such as a square, necessitates a harmonious blend of functionality, physical structure, symbolic meaning, and social engagement. Examination of the constituent elements and sub-elements discussed in both the qualitative and quantitative segments of this research elucidates the mutually reinforcing relationship between the social and physical dimensions, whereby factors conducive to physical well-being ultimately contribute to enhanced social interaction, thus elevating the overall spatial resilience. In essence, the reciprocal influence between the physical and social dimensions is paramount in bolstering spatial resilience.Moreover, a square's ability to endure and maintain its spatial resilience amidst physical transformations and developments is contingent upon fostering acceptance, shared memory, and a sense of social belonging among the populace. When the social fabric weaves a tapestry of connection and belonging, it effectively sustains and surpasses physical alterations. Noteworthy is the pivotal role played by architectural structures imbued with cultural significance and responsive to social needs in fortifying the spatial resilience of an urban square. The results highlight that while spatial integration significantly impacts the formation and sustenance of social networks, other factors such as the diversity of functions, integration of uses, the presence of primary and secondary activities along access paths to the square, and the cultivation of a distinct sense of place through thoughtful design and community engagement all wield substantial influence. Evidently, deliberate planning to encourage social interaction and a sense of communal ownership plays a decisive role in shaping the vibrant social life and spatial resilience of urban squares.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Farzaneh Hadafi; Ali Sarrafi Nik
Abstract
The intricate interplay between individuals and their surrounding environment has been a focal point in the realm of environmental psychology for quite some time. Various environmental factors, functional elements and services, as well as the intrinsic identity and social connectivity fostered ...
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The intricate interplay between individuals and their surrounding environment has been a focal point in the realm of environmental psychology for quite some time. Various environmental factors, functional elements and services, as well as the intrinsic identity and social connectivity fostered by a location collectively shape human perceptions and emotions. This phenomenon is particularly noteworthy in historical settings and neighborhoods. Consequently, the present investigation seeks to explore the influence of environmental perception and place attachment on place satisfaction within the historical enclave of Nobar in Tabriz. The research enlisted a sample of 320 randomly selected residents and business proprietors aged 18 and above, who responded to a series of questionnaires including the Place Attachment Scale devised by Lewicka, the Place Satisfaction Scale formulated by Yuksel and colleagues, and the Modified Bounito et al. Scale aimed at gauging various facets of environmental perception. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all variables attained satisfactory levels, affirming the tools' construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was employed to scrutinize the relationships and repercussions of the variables, with the Sobel test utilized to ascertain the significance of mediating influences. The outcomes unveiled a notable direct correlation between place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction. Nonetheless, no significant mediating effects were observed among the variables of place attachment and environmental perception. The findings underscore that human evaluations and perceptions of a locale are intricately tied to cognitive and sensory experiences that engender positive sentiments towards the place.
Keywords: Place Attachment; Environmental Perception; Place Satisfaction; Mediator Variable; Nobar Neighborhood.
Introduction
In the domain of urban planning and management, there is an evident prevalence of technocratic and dehumanized ideologies that often prioritize physical, technical, and quantitative considerations over qualitative, humanistic, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions (Matlabi, 2006; Zebardast & Baniamerian, 2010). Nonetheless, in the context of environmental assessments, individuals tend to place a higher value on the qualitative aspects of the environment rather than on quantitative and physical parameters (Matllebi, 2006; Zebardast & Baniamerian, 2010). The satisfaction of residents within a neighborhood is intricately linked to the neighborhood's capacity to address the physical and social requirements of its inhabitants (Ciorici & Dantzler, 2019; Özkan et al., 2019) alongside their assessments of the qualitative and psychological attributes of the neighborhood (Fernández-Portero et al., 2017; Jeong & Kim, 2020).
The level of satisfaction with a particular place is influenced by the emotional connections and psychological perceptions that individuals harbor towards that locale. Various factors such as place attachment, sense of place, social bonds, and place identity contribute to the formation of what is known as place attachment (Aliakbarzadeh Arani et al., 2021; Lee & Jeong, 2021; Hadafi & Sarrafi Nik, 2022; Arbab et al., 2015; Azizi & Arbab, 2010). Place attachment denotes a personal sentiment towards a specific location or community (Lewicka, 2010; Yuksel et al., 2010; Dang & Weiss, 2021; Aleshinloye et al., 2020) and evolves from individuals' accumulated interactions within the physical and social milieus of an environment (Von Wirth et al., 2016). Notably, place attachment can be categorized into two dimensions: social and physical attachment (Hidalgo & Hernandez, 2001; Hernandez et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2021; Scannell & Gifford, 2014).
It is plausible to argue that the three variables of place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction play pivotal structural roles, both directly and indirectly, in shaping the experiences, emotions, behaviors, and attitudes of citizens towards diverse locales. These interrelations can be comprehended through the scrutiny and analysis of data gleaned from fieldwork and the lived experiences of individuals. Consequently, an earnest endeavor has been made to amass and elucidate the requisite empirical insights regarding the correlations among these variables within a historic precinct of Tabriz city, utilizing a theoretical framework extrapolated from academic literature and employing field survey methodologies.
Research Question(s)
1) What is the relationship between place attachment and environmental perception?
2) To what extent does place attachment serve as a significant predictor of satisfaction with a place?
3) To what extent does environmental perception act as a significant predictor of satisfaction with a place?
4) Does the environmental perception variable act as a mediator in the association between place attachment and satisfaction with a place?
5) Does the place attachment variable act as a mediator in the association between environmental perception and satisfaction with a place?
Methodology
The current research employed a survey methodology and applied a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to analyze the data (Little et al., 2022; Schumacker, 2022). The study population encompassed all individuals, aged 18 years and above, residing or operating businesses within the Novbar neighborhood of Tabriz. Both residents and business proprietors were included in the sample selection process. The rationale behind incorporating business owners alongside residents stemmed from the significant involvement of many neighborhood business proprietors in commercial activities within the area for an extended duration, hence, they could be regarded as integral to the neighborhood's demographics. Despite their diverse residential locales, a substantial portion of their daily routines unfolds within this neighborhood, wherein the location of their businesses intricately molds their social interactions and networks.
While an absolute consensus on the sample size in structural modeling-based methodologies remains elusive, various scholars advocate for a minimum sample size of 200 (Kline, 2023). To ensure a robust statistical representation of the neighborhood, 350 individuals were chosen as the sample from the overall population. Due to certain questionnaire anomalies and incomplete responses, data from 320 respondents were ultimately utilized for analysis.
The survey questions were meticulously formulated with reference to fundamental sources such as the Place Attachment Scale by Lewicka, the Place Satisfaction Scale by Yuksel and colleagues, and the Modified Bounito et al. Scale, to assess distinct facets of environmental perception. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all variables demonstrated satisfactory levels of internal consistency, while confirmatory factor analysis affirmed the construct validity of the research instruments. Structural equation modeling was deployed to scrutinize the relationships and effects of the variables, with the Sobel Test utilized to gauge the significance of mediating influences. The results revealed a notable direct correlation between place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction. Nevertheless, none of the variables pertaining to place attachment and environmental perception exhibited a statistically significant mediating effect. The outcomes imply that human assessments and perceptions of a place are intertwined with cognitive and sensory experiences that cultivate positive sentiments towards the locale.
Conclusion
The findings of the study underscore a substantial correlation between place attachment and environmental perception, corroborating the research outcomes of Daneshpour et al. (2009), Arbab et al. (2015), and Azizi & Arbab (2010). These scholarly works have posited that components such as the sense of place, social ties, and place identity wield significant influence in shaping environmental perception. Positive sentiments and appraisals towards locations appear to harmonize with personal experiences and the historical affiliations of individuals with said locales (Hosseini & Saberi, 2022; Zangeneh et al., 2018). Factors like human attachment to places (Lewicka, 2008; Peng et al., 2022; Farhad et al., 2021) also emerge as pivotal determinants in this context.
The reciprocal and mutually reinforcing rapport between environmental perception and place attachment implies that each facet has the potential to fortify the other, either directly or indirectly. This dynamic intimates that the level of contentment and convenience individuals derive from a place, alongside their access to its amenities, constitute significant dimensions of environmental quality and are intertwined with their attachment to these environs (Zamanzadeh Darban, 2017; Abbaszadeh et al., 2016).
This nexus assumes heightened significance within the historic precinct of Novbar, given that historical sites often encapsulate profound historical and cultural worth. These connotations can evoke a profound sense of place among individuals. Additionally, historic locales typically evoke favorable sentiments and opinions owing to the architectural splendor, natural panoramas, open expanses, or the serenity and constancy that these sites impart to individuals.
Furthermore, with none of the variables related to place attachment and environmental perception demonstrating a notable mediating effect on the establishment of a link with satisfaction regarding the place, it can be posited that these variables exert a direct influence on place satisfaction. Each of these variables independently and decisively contributes to elucidating fluctuations in the satisfaction with the place construct.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Sayyed Jalal Aldin Hosseini; Azita Rajabi; Afshin Safahan; Aliasghar Rezvani
Abstract
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) represents a significant facet of sustainable urban planning aimed at addressing urban traffic challenges through the strategic expansion of public transportation systems. District 11 within the municipality of Tehran exemplifies a central locality grappling ...
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Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) represents a significant facet of sustainable urban planning aimed at addressing urban traffic challenges through the strategic expansion of public transportation systems. District 11 within the municipality of Tehran exemplifies a central locality grappling with substantial traffic congestion and a multitude of challenges within its urban transportation network. This study endeavors to scrutinize the prospects of TOD implementation in District 11, with a focus on transforming the prevailing car-centric environment into a more human-centered space. Utilizing TOD indicators as evaluative benchmarks, the study seeks to gauge the district's current status and assess its potential for TOD integration. Employing an applied descriptive research approach, data acquisition via extensive literature review and document examination is conducted. Subsequent analysis is performed utilizing ArcGIS software, with methodologies such as the Kindal coefficient and Analytical Hierarchy Process facilitating data interpretation. Findings indicate a promising foundation for TOD implementation in District 11; however, the current setting lacks the necessary capacity to evolve into a fully-realized TOD hub. Addressing this shortfall necessitates comprehensive alterations in the area's spatial configurations to enable its transition into a robust TOD nucleus.
Keywords: Public Transportation, Tehran City, District 11 of Tehran, TOD.
Introduction
In light of the adverse repercussions of urban sprawl and the overreliance on private automobiles, contemporary urban planning has increasingly shifted its focus towards human-centered methodologies that prioritize pedestrian amenities, safety considerations, and overall societal well-being. A pivotal aspect of this paradigm shift is the strategic elevation of public transportation systems and associated reforms to foster sustainable urban environments. Globally recognized as a transformative approach in urban planning, transit-oriented development has emerged as a beacon of innovation, particularly in burgeoning cities plagued by spatial inadequacies and heightened urban densities. This progressive approach endeavors to optimize public transportation efficiency, reclaim thoroughfares from vehicular dominance, and nurture communities designed with human experiences at the core.
The prevailing oversight in transportation planning has exacerbated disparities between supply and demand, exacerbating challenges in densely populated urban locales. This study delves into the meticulous evaluation of transit-oriented urban transportation metrics within Tehran's District 11, benchmarking them against international best practices while appraising their potential to serve as the scaffolding for transit-oriented development initiatives. Key considerations such as the density of transit stations, accessibility metrics, pedestrian infrastructure quality, road network configurations, block dimensions, intersection densities, land-use diversity, and residential unit densities play a pivotal role in this evaluation.
Recognizing transportation as a linchpin for sustainable urban progress, the research underscores its profound impact on social dynamics, economic vitality, and environmental sustainability. It advocates for a holistic appraisal of transportation systems as an imperative requisite for nurturing sustainable urban developments.
Literature Review
In a scholarly inquiry conducted by Khazaei (2018) on the analysis and assessment of sustainable urban transportation indicators, a comprehensive array of 39 economic, social, and environmental metrics were employed to evaluate the sustainability of transportation within the purview of planning management bodies. Subsequently, Piran et al. (2019) undertook a study utilizing structural equation modeling techniques to analyze sustainable urban transportation indicators, focusing on Tehran Metro Lines 1 and 2. Their findings underscored that, from the citizens' perspective, physical indicators associated with quality of life emerged as the most significant drivers of change within sustainable urban transportation frameworks, whereas the accessibility metrics to densely populated areas exhibited minimal impact in comparison.
Barari (2020) delved into an investigation of the efficacy of green economy components within urban transportation strategies, with Sari city as a case study. Leveraging a multi-criteria decision-making model, specifically the DEMATEL phase, Barari determined that the sub-criteria of development and non-motorized transportation wielded the most substantial weight and direct influence, thereby exerting a pivotal role in advancing green transportation initiatives within Sari city.
Moreover, the scholarly discourse encapsulated in the works of Litman (2015), Levin et al. (2016), Ovink et al. (2017), Noland et al. (2017), Ma et al. (2018), and others underscores the paramount significance of transportation as a foundational element in shaping urban landscapes. These scholars advocate for a paradigm shift towards human-centric environments over vehicle-centric spaces, thereby addressing critical human mobility concerns.
Additionally, Chen et al. (2022) propounded a methodology for assessing the resilience of urban transportation systems through the lens of economic, social, organizational, and technological dimensions. Their proposed framework aims to furnish managers and decision-makers with a comprehensive comprehension of transportation resilience, thereby elucidating its practical import in fortifying the foundations of a sustainable urban transportation system.
Moreover, Tiwaree et al. (2023) undertook a meticulous exploration into the principles of transportation development, with a particular emphasis on form analysis within two distinct study areas. Their study meticulously examines the economic and social characteristics intertwined with travel patterns, striving to establish a cogent linkage between urban form and the potential benefits engendered by the ethos of public transportation-oriented development.
Methodology
The present study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach in its delineation and application. Comprising two distinct stages, namely a comprehensive literature review and subsequent field investigation, the research endeavor unfolds intricately. Initially, a meticulous compilation of theoretical underpinnings pertinent to transit-oriented development norms was systematically amassed through a rigorous examination of both internal and external scholarly sources, alongside a thorough review of antecedent studies. Leveraging a synthesis and critical analysis of these scholarly insights, a series of ranking tables were meticulously crafted. These tables were predicated upon a diverse set of criteria encompassing the number of stations, station accessibility, pedestrian pathway quality, proximity to major hubs, network street configuration, block dimensions, intersection density, land-use diversity, activation of urban edges, district classification, and residential unit density. Subsequently, the meticulously developed standards were then applied to assess the current status of the designated study areas through a judicious application of statistical tools and sophisticated software methodologies, with a particular emphasis placed on Geographic Information System (GIS) software, notably ARC GIS 10.3. This technological arsenal facilitated the evaluation and cartographic representation of the intricate road network structures within the study area, notably Zone 11, a pivotal locale situated at the heart of Tehran. Encompassing a land expanse of 12 square kilometers, Zone 11 constitutes approximately 1.8% of Tehran's total terrain and shares its boundaries with Zones 6, 10, 12, 16, and 17. Renowned for hosting a plethora of critical political, economic, and educational institutions, including foreign embassies, military installations, and bustling markets, Zone 11 emerges as a strategically imperative locale that attracts a substantial footfall of visitors. The area's allure is further accentuated by its rich historical legacy and vibrant cultural milieu, with a profusion of iconic landmarks and cultural hubs dotting its landscape. The confluence of major thoroughfares, central squares, and the bustling railway station engenders a daily flurry of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, with an estimated two million passengers traversing through the area routinely. The coexistence of antiquated garages and architectural marvels, alongside esteemed cultural edifices such as theaters, Unity Hall, and the Cultural Axis of the Revolution, lends a distinctive charm to Zone 11, mandating concerted urban development and reinvigoration initiatives for its sustained growth and vitality.
Results
Drawing upon the established benchmarks set forth by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policies (ITDP) for scrutinizing criteria governing public transport development, this evaluation centers on three pivotal indicators pertaining to land-use mix. The analysis hinges on delving into the array of land-use typologies surrounding public transport nodes, utilizing a hybrid methodology that melds quantitative assessments with qualitative insights. Tables 1 and 2 encapsulate the nuanced land-use profiles characterizing Zone 11 in the urban matrix of Tehran, offering a detailed exposition of the prevailing landscape.
Evidently, both demarcated zones exhibit a consonance with the four delineated land-use categories, albeit showcasing varying degrees of quality and intensity across these domains. Within Zone 11, the domain earmarked for transport and storage commands a dominant presence, constituting a substantial 37% of the terrain, with administrative facilities accounting for an additional 6%, thereby collectively claiming over 40% of the land area. Meanwhile, residential land utilization emerges as the predominant feature, commanding a significant 44.51%, whereas commercial activities occupy a modest 5.96%, with educational establishments occupying a minor 1.78% share. Such a diverse mosaic underscores a heterogeneous blend of land uses within the locale.
However, the diagnostic evaluation intimates a discernible lacuna in the facilitation of conducive conditions for public transport augmentation, primarily a result of the pervasive prevalence of land-use categories that deviate from the overarching objective of serving as pivotal origins and destinations for commuting endeavors. This discrepancy assumes significance, particularly in light of the critical adjacency of pivotal amenities and infrastructural nodes such as markets, railway hubs, and medical facilities situated beyond the purview of the immediate study terrain, thus warranting a recalibration of the existing urban fabric to harmonize with the imperatives of efficient public transport infrastructure.
Table 2. Land-use Density in Tehran Zone 11
Land Use Type
Area
Percentage
Density
Residential
95.536
51.44
22.37
Commercial
91.71
9.65
9.92
Educational
55.21
7.81
8.90
Higher Education
35.4
3.60
1.80
Cultural
21.7
6.00
3.00
Religious
41.6
5.40
2.60
Tourism
87.1
1.50
0.80
Healthcare
5.19
6.11
8.10
Recreational
4
3.30
1.60
Sports
2.3
2.50
1.20
Administrative
13.24
2
1
Table 2. Entropy Index Results
Zone 11 Tehran
A
InA
A*InA
Residential
0.31
1.34
0.32
Commercial
0.06
-3.16
-0.75
Administrative
0.3
-0.61
-0.42
Open Space
0.14
-1.28
-0.298
∑Σ
1
-
-1.058
The outcomes of the entropy index analysis substantiate a notable degree of constancy in land use amalgamation within the studied context. By heeding the prescriptions outlined in Tehran's overarching urban blueprint for Zone 11 and aligning with the envisaged shifts in land use dynamics, the region stands poised to ascend towards a more optimal equilibrium by operationalizing the recommended land use configurations. Such strategic interventions hold promise in fostering the realization of a public transport-centric development agenda, underpinned by a judicious calibration of land use patterns conducive to enhancing the overall fabric of the urban milieu.
Discussi0on
The scholarly research conducted in Zone 11 of Tehran scrutinizes the pertinent development metrics concerning transit-oriented urban transportation. Findings exhibit a spectrum of adherence to global benchmarks, characterized by instances of relative congruence alongside notable disparities. The investigation discerns latent prospects for the region to metamorphose into a pivotal locus of transit-oriented development, underscored by the imperative of effecting sweeping spatial transformations. Strategic directives encompass the augmentation of commercial and recreational diversification in the proximity of transit nodes, the amelioration of economic vitality, and the prioritization of seamless public transportation integration. Remedial actions entail the overhaul of road infrastructures, the optimization of pedestrian realms, and the implementation of meticulous transit-oriented development blueprints. While certain locales may encounter impediments in effecting land use modifications, others proffer auspicious conditions conducive to assuming the mantle of transit-oriented nuclei.
