Urban and Regional Development Planning
samane niazkhani; Esfandiar Zebardast; Angela Million
Abstract
The relationship between "spatial plans" as products of spatial planning and "settlement sustainability" as an outcome of sustainable development presents a significant challenge. This issue is critical in theoretical and scientific domains and requires exploration through innovative approaches. ...
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The relationship between "spatial plans" as products of spatial planning and "settlement sustainability" as an outcome of sustainable development presents a significant challenge. This issue is critical in theoretical and scientific domains and requires exploration through innovative approaches. Given the simplicity of the sustainability concept, this research emphasizes an economic perspective, employing the Results-Based Management (RBM) approach. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of settlement sustainability by focusing on economic growth and sustainable employment through provincial spatial plans in less developed regions. The research design follows a sequential approach and employs a mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a document review of previous studies identified the pillars and factors of settlement sustainability. In the second phase, the validity of these pillars and factors, as well as their interrelationships were analyzed. This analysis also examined their content and practical reflection within the provincial spatial plans of selected less developed regions. Semi-structured interviews with experts were conducted, and a summative content analysis approach was applied.The findings reveal a clear correspondence between spatial levels and settlement sustainability factors, aligning with the three levels of results: output, outcome, and effect. As the spatial scale of settlements increases, the influence of development plan results diminishes over time, transitioning from "effect" to "output."Keywords: Spatial planning, Provincial Spatial Plan, Settlements Sustainability, RBM, Less Developed Regions. Extended AbstractIntroductionGiven the shared theoretical foundations of spatial planning and the principles of sustainable development (Mastop, 1997; Albrechts, 2017), it is essential to analyze spatial plans as outputs of spatial planning in relation to settlement sustainability as an outcome of sustainable development. Considering the simplicity of the sustainability concept and the focus of spatial plans in Iran, where economic aspects are more prominent, this research prioritizes economic growth and sustainable employment. In this context, most models proposed for sustainable development aim to maximize community benefits by prioritizing less developed regions (Sherafati et al., 2019). Furthermore, contemporary planning approaches that integrate evaluation and monitoring have gained increasing attention. Consequently, this research adopts a novel Results-Based Management (RBM) approach to assess the feasibility of sustainable settlements in less developed regions.Literature ReviewThe greatest challenge facing planning sciences is transforming planning theory and practice to positively contribute to sustainable development (Edwards, 2005). In evaluating spatial plans in Iran, few studies establish a substantive connection to the principles of sustainable development. Most research in this area focuses on procedural aspects, particularly the failure to implement these plans effectively from a general perspective (Sharifzadegan et al., 2000). Regarding the feasibility of settlement sustainability, much of the research has concentrated on single dimensions, such as climate, technology, or housing (Tourk, 2011; Smeddle, 2016). In the domain of spatial planning and settlement sustainability, existing studies often emphasize specific elements of spatial planning, such as transportation or land use (Shekar et al., 2019), or limit their focus to specific spatial levels, such as villages (Ghanbari, 2020). Additionally, these studies rarely address the feasibility of settlement sustainability in response to overarching policy frameworks like spatial plans. Consequently, insufficient attention has been given to the feasibility of settlement sustainability with a focus on economic growth and sustainable employment in less developed regions of Iran through provincial spatial planning. This highlights a significant gap in analyzing and explaining the outcomes of spatial planning in relation to sustainability, particularly in the context of settlement sustainability emphasizing economic growth and sustainable employment.MethodologyThis research adopts a combined inductive-deductive approach. The methodology integrates quantitative and qualitative techniques across two phases. In the first phase, a "documentary review" was conducted to identify the elements and factors underlying the main concepts, including "settlement sustainability" and "provincial spatial plans." In the second phase, planning documents from four provinces within the target area—less developed regions—were selected for detailed analysis. To assess the validity of the identified elements and factors, as well as their content and practical reflection in provincial spatial plans, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts and elites. Participants were selected using "purposive stratified sampling" to achieve theoretical saturation and data adequacy (Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2009). The interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, facilitated by ATLAS.ti software. The analysis resulted in networks of connections between codes, providing the researcher with a comprehensive understanding of the pillars and factors of settlement sustainability and their representation within the reviewed documents.ResultsThe first result of the analysis was the formation of a network of codes that defined the dimensions of sustainability. Subsequently, nine components with a predominant economic focus in the sustainability of settlements were identified based on expert opinions. These nine components were extracted from a total of 18 components derived from theoretical and empirical sources, including theses, articles, books, and national and international reports on settlement sustainability. Following this, conceptual networks linking spatial levels and economic components were developed. These networks categorized the results of the plans into three levels: output, outcome, and impact, highlighting the varying influences of the economic components across spatial levels.ConclusionIn addition to the widely recognized economic, social, and environmental dimensions found in theoretical literature, the macro-level sustainability framework also confirms the existence of conceptual relationships with two additional dimensions: institutional-political and spatial-physical. The spatial levels and nine economic components of settlement sustainability demonstrate a reasonable alignment with the three-tier framework of results: output, outcome, and impact. As the spatial level of settlements increases, the penetration coefficient of development plan outcomes diminishes over time, transitioning from "impact" to "output."
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Homayoun Golestaneh; Hassan Sadeghi Naeini
Abstract
Design for Social Innovation (DfSI) has emerged as a powerful approach to addressing complex social challenges and fostering sustainable community development worldwide. This paper synthesizes findings from a comprehensive analysis of fourteen DfSI initiatives that, through diverse methodologies ...
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Design for Social Innovation (DfSI) has emerged as a powerful approach to addressing complex social challenges and fostering sustainable community development worldwide. This paper synthesizes findings from a comprehensive analysis of fourteen DfSI initiatives that, through diverse methodologies and participatory processes, tackle issues such as social cohesion, economic empowerment, environmental sustainability, and health and well-being. The study employs qualitative research methods, including thematic analysis and comparative case study analysis. Data were collected from project documentation and seminal articles, offering a holistic understanding of the multifaceted impacts of DfSI across various global contexts. Key findings underscore the effectiveness of human-centered design and strong community engagement mechanisms in achieving sustainable outcomes. The analyzed projects demonstrated significant impacts, such as strengthening social ties, promoting environmental stewardship, enhancing health outcomes, and stimulating local economies through entrepreneurial activities. This paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the transformative potential of DfSI in addressing diverse societal challenges. It emphasizes the importance of adaptive strategies, collaborative partnerships, and scalable models for advancing sustainable community development through design-driven approaches. The paper concludes with recommendations to further DfSI research and practice, focusing on enhancing scalability, inclusivity, and long-term impact.
Keywords: Community Development, Economic Empowerment, Participatory Design, Social Cohesion, Social Innovation, Urban Planning.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Design for Social Innovation (DfSI) has emerged as a transformative approach to address complex societal challenges by integrating participatory and human-centered methodologies. It aims to foster sustainable community development through innovative solutions tailored to specific socio-cultural and economic contexts. Unlike traditional top-down interventions, DfSI prioritizes inclusivity, adaptability, and collaboration, empowering communities to co-create solutions that meet their needs. This research builds upon existing works, such as Manzini’s (2015) emphasis on human-centered design and Mulgan et al.'s (2007) focus on social innovation, by analyzing the outcomes and methodologies of 14 global DfSI projects. The primary objective is to highlight best practices and uncover factors contributing to DfSI's effectiveness in fostering community resilience, sustainability, and empowerment.
Literature Review
The concept of social innovation has gained traction across disciplines, with increasing recognition of its role in addressing complex societal issues. Social innovation has been defined by Choi and Majumdar (2015) as a process that establishes new norms and relationships, fostering social cohesion and equity while meeting societal needs beyond mere economic rationality. Similarly, Manzini (2015) highlights the potential of human-centered design in creating participatory frameworks that prioritize collaboration and inclusivity.
The integration of design into social innovation extends its impact by emphasizing systemic and context-sensitive approaches. Murray et al. (2010) identify social innovation as a multidimensional construct, often involving the co-creation of products, services, and models that generate collective value. Mulgan et al. (2007) underscore the importance of collaborative partnerships between stakeholders, including governments, NGOs, and local communities, to scale innovative initiatives effectively.
Research has also explored the adaptability of DfSI to diverse cultural and socio-economic contexts. According to Tunstall (2013), the decolonization of design practices ensures relevance and inclusivity, particularly in marginalized communities. This perspective aligns with findings by Sanders and Stappers (2008), who advocate for participatory design processes as a means to empower stakeholders and create more impactful solutions.
Despite the advances, significant challenges remain. Scaling successful DfSI initiatives to broader contexts often encounters barriers such as resource limitations, cultural differences, and institutional inertia. Moreover, limited longitudinal studies on DfSI make it difficult to assess the sustainability and long-term impact of these projects. Addressing these gaps, this research synthesizes case studies to identify transferable best practices, enhancing the understanding of DfSI's transformative potential in community development.
MethodologyA qualitative research design was employed to explore the transformative potential of DfSI across 14 case studies. These cases were selected for their focus on addressing key challenges in social cohesion, economic empowerment, environmental sustainability, and health. The research framework prioritized inclusivity by ensuring representation from a diverse range of geographical, cultural, and socio-economic contexts.
Data Collection:
Primary data were collected from project documentation, reports, and foundational academic literature. To enhance the reliability and validity of the findings, triangulation was employed as a methodological strategy. Each case study offered comprehensive insights into the planning, implementation, and evaluation phases of the projects, thereby enriching the depth and rigor of the analysis.
Data Analysis:
Thematic and comparative analysis methods were employed to identify recurring patterns and derive cross-case insights. Thematic analysis was utilized to extract prevalent themes, including participatory engagement and adaptive design, while comparative analysis enabled the identification of critical factors influencing project success or presenting challenges. This approach ensured a comprehensive understanding of DfSI's applicability across diverse contexts.
Justification:
This approach was chosen to capture the contextual and nuanced nature of DfSI initiatives. The qualitative design allowed for a deep exploration of stakeholder dynamics, collaborative processes, and socio-cultural impacts, which are essential for understanding DfSI’s role in fostering sustainable outcomes.
Results and Discussion
The findings from the case studies illustrate the profound impact of DfSI on community development, highlighting successes and challenges. Projects emphasized the importance of participatory design in fostering social cohesion. For instance, urban planning initiatives engaged residents in co-creating public spaces, strengthening communal ties and fostering a sense of ownership. Community members reported improved trust and collaboration, which contributed to sustainable project outcomes.
Several initiatives focused on empowering marginalized groups through entrepreneurial activities. A project supporting women-led cooperatives demonstrated how co-design processes can help create sustainable business models, resulting in increased income and financial independence for participants.
DfSI projects integrated eco-friendly practices, such as introducing sustainable agricultural techniques and renewable energy solutions. For example, a rural agricultural project utilized resource-efficient irrigation systems, leading to reduced environmental impact and enhanced productivity.
Health-focused projects co-designed with local stakeholders addressed barriers to healthcare access in underserved regions. A mobile health initiative successfully reduced mortality rates by improving healthcare delivery and ensuring that services were tailored to the community’s specific needs.
Challenges:Key challenges included resource limitations, scalability barriers, and the complexity of maintaining long-term stakeholder engagement. Some projects struggled to replicate their success in different contexts due to variations in cultural norms and institutional support.
Discussion:
The findings underscore the importance of adaptive strategies, participatory engagement, and collaborative partnerships in achieving sustainable outcomes. Successful projects demonstrated the value of leveraging local knowledge and fostering community ownership to ensure relevance and impact. Additionally, the role of technology, such as digital platforms for stakeholder collaboration, emerged as a critical enabler for scaling DfSI initiatives.
Conclusion
This study confirms that DfSI is a powerful framework for addressing complex societal challenges through participatory, inclusive, and sustainable approaches. By integrating human-centered design with collaborative processes, DfSI has the potential to deliver transformative community outcomes. Key principles for success include adaptability, stakeholder engagement, and the use of scalable models.
Theoretical Implications:
DfSI enriches the field of social innovation by demonstrating the critical role of design in co-creating solutions tailored to specific community needs. It bridges the gap between theory and practice, providing actionable insights for researchers and practitioners.
Practical Implications:
Future initiatives should prioritize cross-sector partnerships to overcome resource constraints and enhance scalability. Leveraging digital tools and emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, can further refine DfSI practices. Long-term impact assessments and the integration of DfSI principles into policy frameworks are essential for achieving systemic change.
In summary, DfSI offers a robust and scalable approach to community development, capable of addressing diverse societal challenges. By fostering collaboration, inclusivity, and sustainability, it can significantly enhance the quality of life for communities worldwide. Future research should focus on innovative financing mechanisms, strategies for replicability, and the integration of cultural sensitivities to maximize the impact of DfSI initiatives.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Roghayeh Ghanbari Ghadikolaei; Mahmood Ziaee; Vajhollah Ghorbanizadeh; Mahmood Jomehpoor
Abstract
Conflict is a prevalent issue in protected areas in Iran, presenting a significant challenge for planners. Tourism development can be a major factor exacerbating conflicts in protected areas. Focusing on the Miankaleh Wetland in Iran, the present study aimed to identify the nature and causes of ...
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Conflict is a prevalent issue in protected areas in Iran, presenting a significant challenge for planners. Tourism development can be a major factor exacerbating conflicts in protected areas. Focusing on the Miankaleh Wetland in Iran, the present study aimed to identify the nature and causes of conflicts associated with tourism development in protected areas, and to explore ways to overcome them. First, a meta-synthesis approach was used to analyze the qualitative findings of previous studies. Articles, books, and theses published between 2000 and 2024 were identified and selected from the databases using purposive sampling. The analysis helped present a thematic network along three dimensions: the nature of conflict (what), the causes of conflict (why), and the methods of conflict management (how). According to the findings, conflicts in protected areas are often intergroup and inter organizational. The main causes of conflict include poor communication and lack of collaboration, injustice and power dominance, and faulty governing structure. Additionally, managing conflicts requires six stages: social capital, compromise and consensus, creating social organizations, communicative action, gradual co-evolution, and conflict improvement. The results of the research not only contribute to the expansion of knowledge about conflict reduction methods in tourism but also provide a basis for future studies in this field.Keywords: Conflict, Conflict Management, Tourism, Protected Areas, Miankalleh. Extended Abstract IntroductionConflicts associated with diverse and conflicting interests, goals, and values among stakeholders. Conflicts intensify whenever a new stakeholder with different needs comes to the scene. Since tourism, as a new claimant, often proves more successful in competing for cultural and natural resources compared to other stakeholders, it can be one of the main factors exacerbating conflicts among stakeholders (McKercher et al., 2005). More specifically, conflict creates more challenges in the areas that face limited land supply and increasing demand (Almeida et al., 2018).Unfortunately, in recent years, the Miankaleh Protected Area in Mazandaran Province has also been embroiled in conflicts among stakeholders. Currently, the resources of this wetland are being exploited directly and indirectly by various stakeholders. Some of these activities have led to chaos and illegality in the region, as well as to conflicts between the stakeholders and the Iranian Department of Environment as the main stakeholder in the region (Ajoul, 2017). The conflict is even more exacerbated as tourism has emerged as another stakeholder in Miankaleh. It is thus essential for managers and policymakers involved in managing the Miankaleh Protected Area to take necessary actions to settle these conflicts. However, the relevant authorities are not able to reach a consensus since they are entangled in managerial, political, and administrative conflicts (Bay, 2017). As a result, decisions made so far, such as the Ashuradeh tourism project, have remained ineffective for years (“Expert Review,” 2020).Given the issues raised above, the conflict among stakeholders in the Miankaleh Protected Area, especially those associated with tourism development, has become one of the major concerns for national and provincial planners and managers. Therefore, it is essential that stakeholders embark on a joint effort to achieve constructive solutions to manage conflict. In this respect, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of managing conflict associated with tourism development in protected areas, focusing on the nature of conflict (what), the causes of conflict (why), and the methods of conflict management (how).Literature ReviewConflict is a major topic in tourism planning literature. Studies show that tourism development often conflicts with preserving natural and cultural values (Curcija et al., 2019). The tourism literature offers two perspectives on conflict. The first perspective considers conflict as an opportunity that fosters constructive interactions among various actors, resulting in positive outcomes such as new institutional structures to manage conflict and respond to competitive demands among stakeholders (Teferra & Beyene, 2014). In the second perspective, conflict is considered as a high-complexity problem that, if ignored, can turn into insurmountable challenges over time (Almeida et al., 2017).MethodologyThe current study relied on an inductive approach and a qualitative research design. The scoping review and meta-synthesis of previous qualitative findings were used to develop theoretical knowledge and provide new interpretations of conflict management in protected areas. First, an extensive search was conducted in databases using the scoping review method. Then, the main topics and research gaps were identified, followed by a systematic search based on the main keywords. The population of the study consisted of articles, books, and theses published in databases from 2000 to 2024. Purposive sampling was used, and the thematic analysis and MAXQDA software were employed to analyze the data.ResultsThe synthesis of previous research findings led to the identification of 1225 initial codes, 99 basic themes, 19 organizing themes, and 3 global themes—revolving round the nature of conflict (what), the causes of conflict (why), and the methods of conflict management (how). The themes related to the causes of conflict include ineffective management, weak communication, lack of collaboration, faulty governing structure, and unbalanced development, public policies and laws, power dominance and injustice, differing values and interests, lack of information and awareness. The organizing themes of the nature of conflict are types of conflict, levels of conflict, stages of conflict, complexity of conflict, and stakeholder involved in the conflict. Moreover, the organizing themes related to the methods of conflict management include social capital, compromise and consensus, creating social organizations, communicative action, gradual co-evolution, and conflict improvement.DiscussionA comparison of conflicts in other countries with those in the Miankaleh Protected Area reveals that conflicts in other regions are often intergroup in nature, arising from factors such as poor communication, lack of collaboration, and perceived injustices. Effective resolution in these contexts often involves the equitable distribution of power among governmental, private, and public stakeholders. Governance approaches such as adaptive co-management and collaborative governance have proven to be particularly effective in addressing such conflicts. In contrast, conflicts in Miankaleh are characterized by intragenerational tensions, largely stemming from ineffective management and governance structures within the region. Integrated management emerges as the most suitable approach for addressing inter-organizational conflicts in Miankaleh.ConclusionAdopting a meta-synthesis approach, the study aimed to address three ontological points: the nature of conflict (what), the causes of conflict (why), and the methods of conflict management (how) in tourism destinations and protected areas. How to manage conflict in protected areas constitutes the most important aspect of the current inquiry. The ultimate solution for reducing conflicts is the strategy of collaborative; however, the question arises as to how collaboration is possible among stakeholders who are intensely embroiled in conflicts with each other. In this respect, stakeholders must first reach compromise. Once compromise is achieved, conditions for collaboration will be established. To address how to manage conflicts, this research relied on the three-stage model proposed by Berkes (2010). According to Berkes (2010), the protected area management process requires a high level of participation and involves three stages: communicative action, strategic planning, and instrumental planning. This would ultimately lead to tangible outcomes such as the formation of new institutions or the reform of old ones, increased social capital, enhanced cooperation, capacity-building, empowerment, and finally a healthy ecosystem or human well-being (Berkes, 2010).
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mohammadhosein Sharifzadegan; Mohammadreza Rostami
Abstract
The legal framework governing interventions in the provision of suitable housing in the cities of Iran is rooted in development plans, which, at various scales (national to local), are expected to systematically and integratively incorporate policies for ensuring adequate housing. These plans, ...
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The legal framework governing interventions in the provision of suitable housing in the cities of Iran is rooted in development plans, which, at various scales (national to local), are expected to systematically and integratively incorporate policies for ensuring adequate housing. These plans, underpinned by the rule of law, are intended to guarantee the execution of housing policies. This study employs a narrative review with a critical lens to explore the nature and extent of the relationship between housing planning, policymaking, and development plans in research conducted on Iranian cities. An analysis of 27 selected scholarly articles reveals several critical findings. First, there is a limited understanding of the concept of suitable housing within the reviewed research. Second, the methodologies employed are predominantly quantitative, relying on technocratic perspectives, which fail to capture the multifaceted realities of housing conditions. Third, an overwhelming focus on metropolitan areas—particularly Tehran—and a restricted temporal scope confined to the past decade highlight a neglect of other spatial and temporal dimensions across the country. Lastly, the studies exhibit a lack of attention to macro-structural factors, particularly those related to the political economy of space, which significantly influence housing provision and policy.
Keywords: Housing, housing planning and policy, urban and regional development plans.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Housing, as a spatial manifestation of the specific interests and capabilities of each household, evolves over time through interactions with socio-cultural, economic, and environmental conditions. It extends beyond mere shelter, representing a subsystem within the broader urban system with a multidimensional spatial character. While the provision of adequate housing involves numerous factors, many of which lie outside the scope of urban and regional planning, planning strategies and systems play a crucial role in offering solutions to address housing challenges. Given this context, it is imperative to incorporate housing considerations into the formulation of urban and regional development plans. These plans serve as legal frameworks capable of guiding cities toward enhanced efficiency, resilience, and improved quality of life for their inhabitants. This study aims to systematically analyze the body of scientific research conducted on the interplay between housing and urban and regional development plans. By examining these studies through the dimensions of time, space, methodology, and outcomes, the research seeks to provide a comprehensive and reliable understanding of the field.
Literature Review
Aligned with the objectives of Habitat III, UN-Habitat has intensified its efforts to restore housing's central role in achieving a sustainable urban future. To this end, the "Housing at the Center" approach has been proposed, prioritizing housing as a pivotal element in national and local urban planning frameworks. This approach shifts the focus from merely constructing housing units to adopting a comprehensive framework for housing development. It emphasizes coordination with urban planning and places human rights and people's well-being at the core of sustainable urban development. The pursuit of sustainable housing, encompassing environmental, social, cultural, and economic dimensions across national, regional, and local scales, is spatially articulated through urban development plans and materialized in the urban fabric. Consequently, the relationship between urban development plans and the integration of housing policies within them is critically important across all spatial scales—national, regional, and local. Achieving sustainable housing necessitates the adoption of integrated policies embedded within urban development plans to ensure the realization of these objectives. At the national level, land development plans and regional development strategies must allocate and distribute resources based on the relative advantages of regions, facilitating the movement of capital and labor. At regional and urban scales, policies addressing land use, the spatial distribution of public and service-oriented functions, and development drivers—aligned with access networks and building regulations—play a vital role in advancing sustainable housing. These policy frameworks are comprehensively addressed within the context of regional and urban development plans.
Methodology
In this study, consistent with the research objectives and to address the research questions, a qualitative research strategy was adopted, employing the narrative analysis method to critically examine and analyze the content of selected articles. A key stage in the narrative review process involves the meticulous selection and screening of articles and studies, aligned with the research objectives. For article selection, only those published in peer-reviewed scientific journals were considered, with no specific time constraints imposed on the publication dates. Following this rigorous screening process, 27 articles were identified, focusing thematically on development plans and their relationship with housing planning. Subsequent to the identification of relevant studies, which was accomplished through a systematic review of available sources, a textual data analysis method—coding—was employed. This approach involved systematically summarizing the analyzed data to extract and distill the primary concepts and themes related to the research topic.
Conclusion
The review and analysis of the selected articles reveal that the issues requiring discussion and examination can be categorized into four conceptual sections: methodology and measurement approaches, spatial-temporal dimensions, thematic frameworks, and planning strategies. It is important to note that these categories often overlap conceptually; their separation is intended solely to facilitate a more nuanced understanding of the subject from multiple perspectives. Most of the research reviewed approaches housing with a predominantly physical perspective, equating it with a one-to-one correspondence between households and residential units. This narrow definition overlooks the broader, multifaceted nature of housing. To address this limitation, it is essential to consider housing in its wider context and propose recommendations that transcend mere physicality—an aspect largely neglected in current urban development plans. The majority of studies focus exclusively on metropolises, particularly Tehran, while failing to adequately investigate housing issues in small and medium-sized cities. This oversight is significant, as the root of Tehran's housing crisis can be traced to the population collapse in smaller cities over a relatively short period. Many individuals migrated from smaller cities to larger urban centers, particularly Tehran, driven by the aspiration for better living standards and economic opportunities. To mitigate these challenges, it is imperative to prioritize development policies that focus on land preparation and the equitable distribution of resources and services. Such policies, coupled with efforts to enhance the environmental sustainability of regions, could reduce the migration of households to major cities and the capital. From a thematic and planning perspective, it is recommended to clearly define the role of housing within development plans, outlining the obligations and objectives of each plan at various spatial scales. A systematic and hierarchical framework for housing responsibilities should be established. Furthermore, adopting a comprehensive and integrated approach within development plans would facilitate the consideration of housing as an interconnected element of political, economic, cultural, and social systems, thereby avoiding fragmented and isolated solutions.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Mahin Tahmas Nezhad; Hamid Saberi; Ahmad Khademolhoseiny; Hojat Mahkoei
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the metropolis of Isfahan has accelerated the process of unsustainable development with its excessive physical development, industrial development, service costs, air pollution, marginalization, etc., which requires attention to development indicators and trends. It requires ...
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Over the past few decades, the metropolis of Isfahan has accelerated the process of unsustainable development with its excessive physical development, industrial development, service costs, air pollution, marginalization, etc., which requires attention to development indicators and trends. It requires the axis in the field of sustainability. Prosperity has indicators that affect social stability as one of the pillars of sustainable development. This research has analyzed the components of urban prosperity in the metropolis of Isfahan by using the cross-effects analysis technique as well as MicMac and Scenario Wizard software. The results of Mik Mak show that the metropolis of Isfahan has an unstable system. Finally, 14 key factors were selected and 42 different possible situations were considered on the key factors in the Scenario Wizard software. The results show that 3 scenarios are more likely to occur in the future development of Isfahan. Among these 3 scenarios, the first scenario contains ideal conditions, scenario number 2, a relatively favorable scenario, and scenario number 3, a critical and unfavorable situation. Among these, the poverty rate had the greatest effect, which shows the importance of this factor in the prosperity of Isfahan.Keywords: Future Study, Urban Prosperity, MicMac, Scenario Wizard, Isfahan Metropolis. Extended AbstractIntroductionThe metropolis of Isfahan faces significant challenges stemming from indiscriminate and uncoordinated development, rapid industrial expansion, increased immigration, and a range of associated issues, including construction on unsuitable land, rising service costs, escalating air pollution, neglect of structural improvement and renovation, and the proliferation of marginalized areas. If these trends persist, they will profoundly alter the city's physical landscape, environmental integrity, social fabric, and economic dynamics. Addressing these challenges necessitates a comprehensive reassessment of macro-management strategies and the integration of innovative planning tools. Futures research, as a forward-thinking approach, offers a process-oriented framework that aligns planning practices with sustainable development outcomes. The objective of this study is to identify the key drivers and critical factors influencing the development and prosperity of the Isfahan metropolis through a futures research perspective. The study further examines the interrelationships among these factors and their collective impact on Isfahan’s future trajectory, laying the groundwork for scenario development and subsequent strategic planning. The primary research question guiding this investigation is: What are the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the prosperity of the Isfahan metropolis? By addressing this question, the study seeks to provide actionable insights for formulating strategies, policies, and planning frameworks that facilitate the realization of desirable future scenarios.Literature ReviewA review of internal and external studies on urban prosperity reveals the following findings:Ahadnejad et al. (2017) analyzed the urban development components of the Tabriz metropolis using the cross-effects analysis technique. Their findings indicate that Tabriz possesses an unstable urban system.Jahani et al. (2021) concluded that Ardabil is in a relatively weak state concerning the urban prosperity index, particularly based on the quality-of-life indicator. Their study highlights that urban facilities are predominantly concentrated in the city center, resulting in a decline in the urban prosperity index from the central areas to the city's outskirts.Arimah (2016) demonstrated that effective development and management of infrastructure can significantly enhance urban prosperity in African cities. Key benefits include facilitating economic growth, improving urban mobility, ensuring greater access to healthcare and education, enhancing safety and security, directing urban growth, raising environmental quality, improving housing conditions, and reducing intra-city disparities.Narayanan et al. (2021) revealed that in Indian cities, income levels, public services, and housing have a significant positive impact on urban sustainability, whereas natural amenities and crime rates exhibit significant negative effects.Although extensive research has been conducted on urban development both in Iran and internationally, limited attention has been devoted to scenario-based approaches for urban development. This gap underscores the necessity of employing futures research methodologies, particularly scenario planning, to explore the future trajectory of urban prosperity in the Isfahan metropolis. By addressing this critical issue, the current study seeks to provide valuable insights into metropolitan management strategies, thereby contributing to the enhancement of urban conditions and the elevation of the global urban prosperity index.MethodologyThis research is applied in purpose and adopts a descriptive-analytical approach for data collection and analysis. To gather information on the theoretical foundations and research literature, a documentary and library-based method was employed. Additionally, field methods were utilized to collect primary data for analyzing and addressing the main research question. The statistical population of the study consists of experts relevant to the research topic at all stages. To identify key drivers, in-depth interviews were conducted with subject-matter experts. The Delphi method was subsequently employed to extract indicators and variables influencing urban prosperity. The cross-effects matrix method was utilized to examine the interrelationships and mutual influences of the identified factors. Based on the results of this analysis and the identification of critical variables, scenarios were systematically developed to explore potential future outcomes.Results and DiscussionThis study employed a two-stage Delphi method to identify the primary drivers of urban development in Isfahan, building on prior research conducted in this domain. Through this process, 66 variables across six dimensions were identified as influential factors impacting the prosperity of Isfahan metropolis. Subsequently, the structural analysis method was applied using MicMac software to determine the principal and key drivers shaping the city's future trajectory. The distribution of variables influencing the development and prosperity of Isfahan revealed systemic instability. Ultimately, 14 critical factors were identified among the 66 examined variables using direct and indirect analysis methods. To develop potential scenarios, the descriptions of these 14 key drivers were structured into a matrix following the CIB coding rules and presented to 10 experts for evaluation. Based on their input, 42 possible states for the future of Isfahan were identified. Using the Scenario Wizard software, a total of 4,782,969 combined scenarios were generated, offering a comprehensive foundation for exploring future possibilities for the city's development.ConclusionThe analysis indicates that three potential scenarios are most likely to shape the future urban prosperity of Isfahan. The first scenario represents an ideal, progressive state characterized by favorable conditions. The second scenario reflects an intermediate condition, with relatively positive yet less optimal outcomes. In contrast, the third scenario presents a critical and unfavorable situation, marked by significant challenges for the city's urban prosperity. Among these scenarios, the first scenario is identified as the most favorable, while the third scenario represents the least favorable outcome for Isfahan. This suggests that the realization of the third scenario, with its critical conditions, is the least likely in the future development of the city.
Urban and Regional Development Planning
Akbar Esmaili; rasoul ghorbani; Hassan Mahmoudzadeh
Abstract
The rapid expansion of cities and increasing traffic, coupled with the development of new technologies, has presented countries with unprecedented challenges. Traditional institutions and management methods struggle to adapt to the complexities of a rapidly evolving world. In response, urban ...
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The rapid expansion of cities and increasing traffic, coupled with the development of new technologies, has presented countries with unprecedented challenges. Traditional institutions and management methods struggle to adapt to the complexities of a rapidly evolving world. In response, urban planners are working to develop integrated models for 21st-century cities to meet emerging expectations. The concept of a smart city has emerged as a cornerstone of transformation and development in the third millennium. Urban transportation, in particular, has been significantly influenced by advancements in information and communication technology, including the Internet of Things (IoT). This study adopts an applied research approach, employing a descriptive-analytical method for data collection and analysis. Qualitative analysis was conducted using an open-ended questionnaire to identify key components and influential factors. Subsequently, a closed questionnaire was designed, and data were collected from 177 samples using purposive sampling and the snowball technique. The findings reveal numerous challenges faced by Tabriz, as a metropolis, in achieving intelligent urban transportation. Key obstacles include the weakness of integrated urban management, the absence of a clear vision, inadequate planning, limited financial resources, insufficient organizational structures, the lack of IoT-based intelligent systems, reliance on heterogeneous systems, and limited familiarity with IoT-based intelligent systems. These issues highlight the need for strategic interventions to overcome the barriers to smart urban transportation in Tabriz.
Keywords: Smart City, Barriers, Urban Transportation, Internet of Things, Tabriz.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The proportion of the global urban population has been steadily increasing over the past century. In 1900, approximately 13% of the world's population lived in urban areas, a figure that surged to 60% by 2020. This rapid urbanization has often outpaced the development of urban infrastructure, placing immense pressure on cities and resulting in various undesirable consequences. Traditional governance structures and management methods have struggled to keep pace with the swift changes brought about by urbanization, prompting urban planners to devise integrated models that address the multifaceted challenges of 21st-century urban development. Alongside the acceleration of urbanization, globalization has also gained momentum, positioning cities as the economic and social hubs of the world. Advanced information and communication technologies are reshaping these urban centers, and the concept of the smart city has emerged as a critical framework for transformation and development in the third millennium. The growing number of vehicles and increasing traffic volumes, combined with the advent of new technologies, has introduced complex challenges for urban transportation systems. These systems, which are vital components of smart cities, are increasingly influenced by innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and the broader processes of urban smartization. The integration of these technologies into transportation systems enables prediction, planning, and management aligned with urban development goals. However, in many developing countries, traffic management continues to rely on traditional methods, presenting a significant barrier to progress. In Iran, the history of smart transportation systems dates back to the adoption of basic technologies such as intersection control lights. However, the transition from traditional systems to fully smart transportation systems has encountered numerous obstacles. These challenges threaten to undermine the broader vision of building smart cities and have left the country lagging behind in the smartization process. This study aims to address these issues by focusing on the city of Tabriz. The primary research questions are: What are the most significant obstacles to the realization of smart transportation in Tabriz based on the Internet of Things platform? And how can these obstacles be prioritized? The research seeks to identify, explain, and prioritize these barriers, providing a comprehensive framework for overcoming the challenges to smart urban transportation in Tabriz.
Literature Review
Goodarzi, Majid, et al. (2019), in their article titled "Investigation and Analysis of Barriers to Smart Transportation in Ahvaz," emphasize that identifying barriers to transportation development across various dimensions is a critical strategy for advancing transportation systems in Ahvaz, with smartization being a key focus.
Amirpour Kalmeh, Hamid Reza (2017), in the article "Investigation of Smart Transportation Using Internet of Things Technology in Smart Urban Networks," highlights the growing role of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies in this domain and provides an in-depth exploration of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the context of smart transportation systems.
Firouzi, Arash (2017), in "Application of Internet of Things in Urban Transportation," underscores the transformative potential of IoT, suggesting that when objects can digitally represent themselves, they transcend their physical limitations, creating what can be termed a "smart environment."
Jafari, Mohammad, et al. (2019), in the article "Investigating the Impact of the Internet of Things, Big Data, etc. on the Development of Smart Cities," argue that traditionally designed cities face challenges such as traffic congestion, pollution, poor communication, and declining quality of life. They propose that smart cities, by leveraging sensor networks and IoT-enabled databases, provide an effective infrastructure to address these issues.
Ebrahimi, Nahid, et al. (2019), in "Investigating the Impact of the Internet of Things on Transportation in Metropolitan Cities," reiterate that IoT facilitates a network in which objects communicate seamlessly, enabling the creation of interconnected and efficient transportation systems.
Sihu Zhang (2017), in his doctoral thesis at Tallinn University titled "The Role of Information and Communication Technology for the Development of Smart Cities," explores the role of information and communication technology (ICT) components in advancing smart city design.
Xiaofeng Zhi (2018), in the technical report "IoT Applications for Creating Smart Transportation Systems," examines the critical applications of IoT in smart transportation, including smart vehicles and intelligent traffic management systems.
Mariana Daniel (2020), in "Smart Cities Based on IoT Technology Applications," discusses how advancements in technology have facilitated the integration of IoT into smart urban environments, significantly enhancing urban functionality.
Bulent Yildiz (2021), in "Internet of Things and Smart Cities," addresses the fundamental issue of implementing information technology, particularly IoT, as a solution to challenges faced by traditional cities.
Esma Aytovalan (2021), in "A Review of Traffic Management Solutions Based on IoT and AI," examines the challenges of urban traffic management and advocates for the intelligent and efficient application of IoT and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.
Faisal Shahzad et al. (2021), in "Future Smart Cities: Requirements, Emerging Technologies, Applications, Challenges and Future Aspects," analyze the technological advancements required for smart cities, emphasizing that these advancements form the foundation of smart urban development.
Manav Bansal (2022), in "Smart City, Vehicle Versatility Using IoT," contends that IoT-based smart city frameworks represent a modern approach to overcoming the challenges inhibiting urban development.
Methodology
This research is applied in its purpose, descriptive-analytical in its approach to data collection and analysis, and adopts a mixed-methods design, in corporating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. In the qualitative phase, thematic analysis was conducted using Maxqda software, while in the quantitative phase, confirmatory factor analysis was performed utilizing Smart PLS software to determine the impact coefficients of various factors and prioritize the identified obstacles. Data collection tools varied across the two phases: open-ended questions were employed in the qualitative segment, whereas closed-ended questions were utilized in the quantitative phase. The statistical population included academics, managers, and experts in the fields of urban planning, transportation, and information technology. Given the indeterminate size of the population, a purposive sampling method combined with the snowball technique was applied, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved.
Results
4-1- Qualitative findings:
As outlined in the research methodology, the statistical population comprised professors, managers, and experts in the fields of urban planning, transportation, and information and communication technology. Given the indeterminate size of the population, a purposive sampling method combined with the snowball technique was employed, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. Through documentary and library research, key drivers and obstacles (categories and components) were identified. Subsequently, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 experts, and the collected data were reviewed, extracted, and coded using Maxqda software. This process led to the identification of seven primary categories as the most significant drivers and obstacles to smart urban transportation in the studied area: policy and planning, economic and investment, security and legal, physical, managerial and organizational, cultural and social, and technical and technological.
4-2- Quantitative Findings
Quantitative Findings: The qualitative analysis identified seven primary categories and 96 sub-components as the most significant drivers and obstacles to the smartization of Tabriz's urban transportation. To assess content validity (CVR), an initial questionnaire comprising these 96 components was designed and completed by 12 experts. Components with a CVR value exceeding 0.56 (indicating a high impact coefficient) were retained, resulting in a secondary questionnaire with 56 components. Subsequently, employing a purposive sampling method combined with the snowball technique, 177 responses were collected from the statistical population. The data were then coded and analyzed using Smart PLS software.
Discussion
An analysis of reliability and validity for the identified constructs revealed that the managerial-organizational and cultural-social variables exhibited the highest levels of reliability and validity, whereas the security-legal variables demonstrated the lowest levels. Furthermore, based on the path coefficient analysis conducted using Smart PLS software, the managerial-organizational and cultural-social variables were identified as having the highest impact coefficients. In contrast, the physical and economic-investment variables were found to have the lowest impact coefficients on the smartization of the Tabriz urban transportation system.
Conclusion
The findings of this research indicate that various qualitative and quantitative factors significantly influence the advancement of smart urban transportation. Qualitative analysis identified seven key categories as critical obstacles: cultural-social, economic-investment, technical-technological, managerial-organizational, policy-planning, physical, and security-legal. Quantitative analysis revealed that these variables contributed differently to the smartization of Tabriz’s urban transportation system on the Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The economic-investment variable exhibited the highest adjusted average factor loading (0.90), followed by policy-planning (0.88), technical-technological (0.87), managerial-organizational (0.86), physical (0.84), security-legal (0.83), and cultural-social (0.83).
The research further highlighted that the Information and Communication Technology Development Index (IDI) and Internet access and utilization indicators in the study area were slightly below the national average. This underscores that the smartization of urban transportation in Tabriz is contingent upon improving the IoT infrastructure and overall technological readiness. To address these challenges and enable smart urban transportation in Tabriz, several strategies are recommended. These include:
Conducting a comprehensive SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to smart urban transportation on the IoT platform.
Installing smart sensors at intersections, streets, and high-traffic areas.
Increasing the deployment of traffic and monitoring sensors and conducting environmental analyses at intersections.
Expanding the fiber optic network and enhancing Wi-Fi, 4G, and 5G internet coverage.
Launching systems such as automatic accident diagnosis, moving balance monitoring, and traffic management software.
Developing advanced software for forecasting and planning, parking management, and public transportation management.
Activating smart emergency response systems (SERS), traffic signal control systems, and Variable Message Signs (VMS), while reviving inactive systems.
Strengthening integrated urban management by aligning policies, resolving existing conflicts, and setting clear, common objectives.
These initiatives are essential for overcoming existing obstacles and facilitating the smartization of Tabriz's urban transportation system through the IoT platform.
Acknowledgments
We extend our deepest gratitude to the managers and experts of the Deputy for Transportation and Traffic, the Architecture and Urban Development Department, the Statistics and Information Technology Organization of Tabriz Municipality, the Head of the Provincial Internet of Things Committee, and the esteemed individuals from knowledge-based companies such as AFTA. Your invaluable support in providing information and offering constructive guidance has been instrumental to the success of this research.
