Quarterly Journals of Urban and Regional Development Planning

Abstract 1. Introduction
Sustainable urban development is intrinsically linked to the neighborhood scale. Neighborhoods, as fundamental urban cells, play a critical role in realizing quality of life, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability. Rapid urbanization and physical interventions in Tehran have challenged the socio-cultural fabric of older neighborhoods. The Nezamabad neighborhood (District 7), with a 60-year history, served as a case study. Despite benefiting from good public transport access and social capital, it suffered from over 60% deterioration rates and deficiencies in urban vitality and security.
This research aimed to analyze the status of neighborhood sustainability indices in Nezamabad, focusing on four key components: "Neighborhood Identity," "Sense of Place," "Vitality," and "Safety and Security," to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the area's socio-spatial sustainability.

2. Methodology
The research utilized a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were gathered through library research and field surveys (questionnaires and direct observation). The statistical population included residents and local stakeholders selected via cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS and the Binomial Test (significance level 0.05) to assess indices against the Likert-scale midpoint (3). The Friedman Test was employed to rank the indices.

3. Findings
The Binomial Test results revealed a performance gap across the indices:
Neighborhood Identity and Sense of Place: These were classified as "favorable" (over 60% of responses above the mean). High levels of social bonding, historical tenure, and spiritual ownership contributed to these positive ratings.
· Vitality: This was evaluated as "unfavorable" (70% of responses below the mean). The shortage of cultural/sports facilities and children's playgrounds, combined with noise pollution from commercial activities, was the primary inhibitor of vitality.
· Safety and Security: This was assessed as "unfavorable" (80% of responses indicated poor safety). Feelings of insecurity during night-time transit, especially for women and children, and delinquency in defenseless urban spaces hindered this index.
The Friedman Test confirmed that "Sense of Place" ranked as the strongest component, while "Safety" ranked as the weakest.

4. Conclusion
The overall assessment of the four indices indicated that Nezamabad did not meet the criteria for a sustainable neighborhood, leading to the rejection of the study's primary hypothesis of sustainability. Achieving sustainability required integrated interventions. Implementation priorities needed to focus on regenerating public spaces to boost vitality, enhancing security for vulnerable groups, and expanding supporting infrastructure, all while preserving the neighborhood's historical identity.

Abstract 1. Introduction
Homelessness is one of the most complex contemporary social and urban issues, extending far beyond the mere absence of shelter and encompassing broader dimensions of poverty, social exclusion, citizenship rights, spatial justice, and urban quality of life. In recent decades, growing attention to this phenomenon at both global and national levels has demonstrated that homelessness is not simply a physical or housing-related problem; rather, it constitutes a multidimensional experience of social deprivation and exclusion from formal societal structures. In Iran, however, narrow and one-dimensional definitions of homelessness have often reduced the phenomenon to rough sleeping or the presence of individuals in public spaces, thereby reinforcing security-oriented and regulatory approaches. Moreover, the lack of reliable statistics, the absence of a comprehensive definition, and institutional disagreements among responsible organizations have posed significant challenges to policymaking in this field. The central research question of this study concerns how homeless individuals and urban managers perceive one another's roles and positions. Focusing on Tehran, this research sought to reveal the gap between urban managers' perceptions and the lived experiences of homeless individuals and to examine the implications of this gap for urban governance and policymaking.

2. Literature Review
The literature indicates that homelessness is a multidimensional phenomenon embedded within political, social, and economic contexts and cannot be reduced solely to the absence of shelter (Busch-Geertsema et al., 2024; Tipple & Speak, 2005). Previous studies suggest that homelessness manifests in diverse forms, ranging from rooflessness to unstable housing, and emerges through the interaction of structural factors such as poverty, housing crises, unemployment, and ineffective policies with individual factors including health problems, substance abuse, and traumatic life experiences (Bramley & Fitzpatrick, 2018; England et al., 2024; Ward et al., 2024). Furthermore, the literature emphasizes the role of governments and urban management in providing housing, social support, and economic empowerment, while demonstrating that purely housing-oriented or control-based policies are insufficient for addressing homelessness effectively (Meda, 2009; Bose et al., 2023). At the same time, narrative approaches, by emphasizing the voices and lived experiences of marginalized groups, provide a framework for achieving a deeper understanding of homelessness and reducing the gap between policy and lived reality (Sandercock, 2004; Toolis & Hammack, 2015). Few studies have examined homeless individuals' narratives alongside urban managers' perspectives, a gap this study sought to fill.

3. Methodology
This study adopted a qualitative approach and employed narrative inquiry as its primary methodological framework. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with urban managers and homeless individuals, field observations, and the review of relevant documents and records. Participants were selected to ensure access to diverse narratives from the two principal groups directly involved in the issue of homelessness. Following data collection, thematic analysis was applied to identify, categorize, and interpret the principal themes emerging from the data. This method enabled the extraction of underlying patterns of meaning embedded within participants' narratives and facilitated a systematic comparison of the perspectives of the two groups. The analysis focused primarily on how homelessness was defined, the perceived roles of responsible institutions, experiences with existing policies, and mutual perceptions between homeless individuals and urban managers.

4. Results
This approach primarily focused on managing the visible manifestations of homelessness and reducing the presence of homeless individuals in public spaces. Interviews and document analysis further indicated that existing policies were characterized by the absence of a comprehensive definition, insufficient data, institutional fragmentation, and short-term interventions. In contrast, homeless individuals viewed homelessness as a consequence of structural exclusion, systemic poverty, economic insecurity, inadequate support, and the denial of citizenship rights. Their narratives portrayed homelessness not simply as a lack of shelter but as an experience of invisibility, marginalization, and social exclusion. Many participants argued that current policies prioritized control over empowerment and failed to address the underlying causes of homelessness. Shelters and support centers were commonly perceived as temporary measures rather than lasting solutions.
The findings also highlighted significant weaknesses in inter-institutional coordination. Organizational overlap, conflicting responsibilities, the absence of shared information systems, and the lack of a clear lead authority were identified as major obstacles to effective governance. As a result, homelessness remained a cross-sectoral issue, and policy responses continued to lack coherence and long-term effectiveness.

5. Conclusion
The findings indicated that a significant portion of the inefficiency of existing homelessness policies stemmed from the fundamental divergence between the ways urban managers define the problem and the lived experiences of homeless individuals. While urban managers primarily emphasized the administrative and regulatory dimensions of homelessness, homeless individuals perceived it as a consequence of structural inequalities, social exclusion, and deprivation of citizenship rights. This perceptual gap had led many policies to focus on controlling visible manifestations rather than addressing underlying causes. Accordingly, the study concluded that effective responses to homelessness required a transition from coercive and regulatory approaches toward human-centered, empowering, and socially just strategies. Listening to the voices of homeless individuals, recognizing their lived experiences, and redefining the problem from the perspective of marginalized groups constituted essential prerequisites for designing more sustainable and effective policies for urban homelessness governance.

Abstract
1. Introduction
Urban planning is not merely a technical activity based on analytical tools; rather, it is a social, political, and institutional process in which planners continuously interact with power structures, decision-making bodies, stakeholders, and citizens. Consequently, the way planners perceived and interpreted their professional roles could significantly influence decision-making processes, the management of conflicts, and ultimately the outcomes of urban planning. In recent decades, planning theory has gradually shifted from purely technical and rational approaches toward a greater emphasis on the social, normative, and interpretive dimensions of planning practice. Within this perspective, professional identity, role awareness, and planners' interpretations of their professional positions have become critical areas of inquiry.
Despite the growing international literature on planners' professional roles and identities, limited attention had been paid to understanding how urban planners in Iran perceived their roles and navigated the political, organizational, and professional pressures embedded in planning practice.

Research Question
How did urban planners in the Tehran metropolitan planning environment understand and redefine their professional roles when confronted with the complexities, conflicts, and constraints of planning practice?

2. Literature Review
The theoretical foundation of this study drew upon role theory, professional identity studies, and interpretive planning perspectives. Role theory assumes that professional behavior is shaped by a set of social expectations, norms, and institutional rules. Within the urban planning context, planners are simultaneously exposed to the often conflicting expectations of employers, professional ethics, personal values, and public interests, creating conditions of role ambiguity and role conflict.
Contemporary planning theories further emphasize the agency of planners and their capacity to actively redefine professional roles. From this perspective, planners are not merely executors of institutional mandates but actors who shape planning processes through interpretation, lived experience, professional values, and social interactions. In this regard, the concept of professional self-awareness gains particular importance. Professional self-awareness refers to the planner's reflective capacity to critically examine their professional position, social responsibilities, institutional constraints, and ethical obligations. Such awareness can enhance the ability to navigate role conflicts, strengthen professional responsibility, and improve the effectiveness of planning practice.

3. Methodology
This research adopted a qualitative approach based on Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT). The selection of this methodology was motivated by its capacity to explore subjective meanings, lived experiences, and socially constructed interpretations of professional practice. The participants consisted of urban planners with substantial professional experience in the metropolitan planning environment of Tehran.
Data were collected through 18 semi-structured interviews. The sampling process followed purposive and theoretical sampling strategies and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis proceeded through the stages of initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical coding, following the principles of constructivist grounded theory. A total of 225 initial codes were identified and subsequently organized into 33 conceptual categories, several subcategories, and ultimately a core category.
The validity of the findings was ensured through constant comparison, analytical memo-writing, iterative movement between data and concepts, and continuous evaluation of theoretical saturation. This process resulted in the emergence of the core category "Planners' Professional Self-Awareness within the Field of Role-Playing," which constitutes the theoretical framework of the study.

4. Discussion
The findings revealed that planners' professional behavior in Tehran was influenced less by formal planning regulations and more by how they perceived and interpreted their roles within institutional and political contexts. The core category of professional self-awareness within the field of role-playing suggested that planners continuously redefined their roles in response to power relations, organizational constraints, and conflicting expectations.
Three dominant role patterns emerged from the analysis: the planner as a translator of the employer's intentions into technical language, the planner as a mediator among stakeholders, and the planner as a technical legitimizer of planning decisions. In many situations, planners found themselves caught between professional ideals and the practical realities of planning institutions, compelling them to adopt adaptive strategies. Their actions were often guided not by a logic of perfect rationality but by a logic of appropriateness, whereby decisions were shaped by institutional conditions, personal experiences, and contextual interpretations.
The findings further indicated that role conflict, rather than role ambiguity, represented the principal challenge faced by urban planners in Tehran. Political pressures, institutional weaknesses, limited trust among actors, and the predominance of pragmatic concerns over professional values contributed to the formation of a fluid and context-dependent professional identity. Nevertheless, many planners strove to function as boundary-spanning actors, seeking to balance public interests, organizational demands, and professional commitments.

5. Conclusion
This study demonstrated that professional self-awareness was the most significant factor shaping the behavior and agency of urban planners within Tehran's planning environment. Planners should not be viewed merely as implementers of institutional structures but rather as active agents who continuously reinterpret and negotiate their professional roles in response to conflicts and constraints.
The findings highlighted the need to strengthen professional self-awareness, reform planning education, enhance professional autonomy, and foster a more dialogic and reflective planning culture. From a policy perspective, improving the performance of urban planning systems required simultaneous attention to technical, institutional, and human dimensions of planning practice. Strengthening professional identity, developing critical and reflective capacities, and supporting planners in their mediating roles could contribute to better decision-making, greater spatial justice, and more effective urban governance.

Abstract
1. Introduction
Pandemics have long been among the most significant challenges facing urban systems and public health governance. The COVID-19 outbreak once again exposed the vulnerability of metropolitan areas to large-scale health emergencies. High population density, complex transportation networks, and intensive social interactions have made major cities key hotspots for the rapid spread of infectious diseases. Under such conditions, traditional crisis management approaches, which largely rely on reactive measures after an outbreak occurs, have shown serious limitations. In response, urban intelligence has emerged as an advanced stage in the evolution of smart cities, offering new opportunities for predicting, diagnosing, and controlling pandemics. By leveraging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and information and communication technologies (ICT), urban intelligence enables the real-time collection, processing, and analysis of urban data and supports more informed decision-making in public health emergencies.
Research Questions
1. How has the role of urban intelligence in pandemic management been conceptualized in the international literature, and how have its key themes evolved over time?
2. What measures and innovations have been implemented within Tehran's urban management system to utilize urban intelligence in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic?

2. Literature Review
Recent studies suggest that urban intelligence has become a key approach to strengthening urban resilience against health crises. Allam et al. (2020) argue that integrating AI, big data, and digital infrastructures can significantly improve cities' capacity to predict and manage pandemics. White and Clarke (2020) describe urban intelligence as a mechanism that transforms real-time urban data into actionable knowledge, while Ali (2024) presents it as a comprehensive framework for pandemic prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and control. In the healthcare sector, Alimadadi et al. (2020), Piccialli et al. (2021), and Lalmuanawma et al. (2020) highlight the role of AI and machine learning in disease diagnosis, medical data analysis, and the efficient allocation of healthcare resources. Similarly, Eum and Kim (2022) and Kostina and Kostina (2022) emphasize the importance of ICT infrastructure, telemedicine, and digital services in reducing physical contact and maintaining urban functions during pandemics. Despite these advances, the application of urban intelligence to pandemic management in Iranian cities, particularly Tehran, remains underexplored.

3. Methodology
This applied study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and was conducted in two qualitative phases. In the first phase, a theoretical framework was developed through the synthesis of studies related to urban intelligence and pandemic management. Bibliometric analysis and keyword co-occurrence mapping were then carried out using VOSviewer software to identify major research trends and conceptual developments. The dataset consisted of 336 articles published between 2020 and 2025 and selected from the ScienceDirect database based on the PRISMA framework. In the second phase, policy documents, official reports, and measures related to COVID-19 management in Tehran and Iran were examined through qualitative content and text analysis. This stage assessed the use of urban intelligence infrastructures in three areas: outbreak prediction, diagnosis and treatment, and disease containment.
4. Results
The bibliometric analysis revealed that the global literature was organized around nine major thematic clusters. These included technological ecosystems and data infrastructures, digital health and telemedicine, urban resilience and smart cities, intelligent transportation and mobility forecasting, data-driven healthcare systems, smart mental health services, GeoAI applications, epidemic management models, and global health decision-support systems. Concepts such as artificial intelligence, COVID-19, digital health, urban resilience, and smart technologies occupied the most central positions within the knowledge network. The findings also indicated a gradual shift from reactive approaches focused on quarantine and social distancing toward preventive strategies centered on digital health, health equity, and data governance.
The analysis of Tehran's experience showed that the most extensive use of smart technologies occurred in the area of disease control and containment. Major initiatives included online education platforms, vaccination registration systems, monitoring dashboards, the Mask mobile application, the national 4030 consultation service, and integrated health information systems. In the diagnosis and treatment domain, telemedicine services, online consultation platforms, and digital screening tools helped reduce unnecessary in-person visits. However, a substantial gap was identified in the area of outbreak prediction. AI-, ML-, and IoT-based infrastructures capable of early outbreak detection were largely absent, and advanced predictive analytics played only a limited role in urban decision-making.

5. Discussion and Conclusion
The findings suggested that although Tehran successfully utilized ICT-based solutions to manage several aspects of the COVID-19 crisis, it remained distant from a fully developed urban intelligence model. The dominance of communication technologies over analytical systems, weak data integration, limited use of AI and machine learning, and insufficient attention to health equity, privacy, and data governance represented major challenges. Moving from reactive crisis management toward a predictive and proactive model required the development of integrated data-driven infrastructures, stronger connections between urban and healthcare systems, wider adoption of intelligent forecasting tools, and the institutionalization of data-informed governance. Such measures could enhance urban resilience and improve Tehran's preparedness for future pandemics and public health emergencies.

Abstract
1. Introduction
Within the Iranian urban context, "urban management fragmentation," arising from a multiplicity of stakeholders, serves as the primary structural barrier to integrating good governance with smart city development. This incoherence impedes the realization of accountability, civic participation, and the cohesive implementation of smart city programs. As a medium-sized city, Shahrekord similarly confronts various challenges, including inappropriate physical-spatial development patterns, deficient foundational and technological infrastructures, the absence of transparent public participation mechanisms, and inadequacies in organizational integration. Consequently, these issues have decelerated the progression of smart governance. The significance of the current study lies in proposing a scientific and comprehensive model of good urban governance components within the context of smartization. In doing so, it guides administrators beyond an exclusive focus on technological elements, steering them toward the enhancement of institutional capacities and human resources. Furthermore, this model assists policymakers in ensuring integration between the managerial structure (governance) and technical infrastructure (smart city features) during the formulation of high-level strategic documents and resource allocation.
Research Questions
What are the components of good urban governance based on a smart city approach in Shahrekord, and how can they be elucidated within an integrated, context-specific conceptual model?

2. Literature Review
Good governance and smart city development are inextricably linked; the realization of various smart city dimensions necessitates the establishment of an efficient governance framework. Rather than relying solely on emerging technologies, the success of such initiatives fundamentally depends on the quality of urban management and governance (underpinned by transparency, public participation, accountability, and efficiency) as the primary bedrock for development. However, a review of the literature revealed a significant theoretical and operational gap at the intersection of these two domains concerning mid-sized cities such as Shahrekord. Previous studies have predominantly focused on metropolises or strictly technological dimensions, thereby neglecting the institutional, participatory, and normative components essential for mid-sized urban centers. Consequently, the absence of a localized framework capable of prioritizing key components in alignment with local capacities was distinctly evident. The innovation of this study was twofold. First, it introduced an integrated model utilizing the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach, which synthesized and stratified seven fundamental dimensions (e-participation, data-driven transparency, digital accountability, the rule of law in cyberspace, technological efficiency, equitable access to services, and data-driven governance) tailored to the specific context of Shahrekord. Second, it developed an actionable roadmap for local policymakers. Ultimately, by employing the ISM methodology, this research aimed to bridge the existing gap by offering a localized framework congruent with Shahrekord's managerial and technological landscape.

3. Methodology
The present study was applied and developmental in purpose, and descriptive and analytical in methodology. It employed Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to elucidate the complex, hierarchical relationships among the variables. The research was conducted in two primary phases. In the first phase, a systematic literature review and expert panels (comprising specialists in urban management, information technology, geography, urban planning, and urban sociology) were utilized to comprehensively identify and extract 22 key components related to "good urban governance" with an emphasis on the smart city approach. In the second phase, structural matrices were formulated using the ISM method based on the experts' assessments of the pairwise relationships between the indicators. The output of this analysis was a hierarchical model that categorized the components into foundational (base), linkage, and dependent (outcome) levels, thereby delineating their causal network and interdependencies. The statistical population of the study consisted of academic experts and experienced managers in this field. Ultimately, a final sample of 26 individuals was selected employing purposive and snowball sampling techniques.

4. Discussion
The components of smartization have redefined the traditional principles of good governance into three distinct categories: governance-oriented, technology-enabling, and outcome-driven. Based on Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), these components form an 11-level hierarchical structure. In this framework, "smart and data-driven governance" (C4) serves as the most fundamental driver at the base, while elements such as "electronic participation" are positioned at the apex of the pyramid. Compared to previous studies, this research placed a particular emphasis on data-centricity and cybersecurity. In the context of Shahrekord, two independent and key components, namely "data-driven governance" (C4) and "vision and leadership" (C8), exhibited the highest driving power. A strategic focus on these drivers constituted the most effective pathway for transitioning toward smart urban governance.

5. Conclusion
Utilizing the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach, the findings of this study explicitly demonstrated that smart, data-driven governance (C4) alongside vision and leadership (C8) serves as the most fundamental driving component (independent factor). Positioned at the base of the system, these elements exert the greatest influence over all other variables. Furthermore, the smart governance structure in Shahrekord comprises 11 hierarchical levels, spanning from data governance at the foundational tier to ultimate outcomes, such as e-participation and evidence-based policymaking, at the apex. Within this framework, domain-specific elements, including smart transportation, smart healthcare, and a smart economy, occupy the intermediate levels. Their successful realization is heavily dependent upon the reinforcement of both driving and linkage components. Moreover, achieving good governance within the smart city paradigm necessitates a transition from a purely techno-centric perspective toward a systematic, governance-oriented approach. Ultimately, the trajectory of governance transformation in Shahrekord needed to be strategic and phased. This process needed to commence with the fortification of governance and data infrastructures (the foundational layer), advance toward consolidating the linkage factors (the intermediate layer), and culminate in the execution of domain-specific smart projects (the outcome layer). It was solely through this sequential progression that a successful transition toward a smart, equitable, participatory, and sustainable city could be guaranteed.

Abstract 1. Introduction With the onset of old age, significant changes occur in the physiological, psychological, and emotional characteristics of individuals. In cities, there are elderly people who, due to various problems, spend long hours at home without any form of entertainment or activity. In this regard, the present study aimed to identify the role of environmental factors in the legibility of urban spaces from the perspective of older adults. It examined the problems encountered by older adults when using parks in order to provide guidance for strategic planning and the qualitative improvement of urban spaces. Research Questions 1. Which environmental factors, both objective and subjective, influenced the way older adults read and perceived urban parks? 2. What strategies could be proposed to enhance the legibility and improve the condition of urban parks based on the perceptual and behavioral characteristics of older adults? 2. Literature Review Zanganeh et al. (2023) emphasized the importance of addressing the physical and social needs of older adults, improving sidewalks, green spaces, urban furniture, and access to services in urban planning. Karami et al. (2022) demonstrated that individual characteristics and spatial quality, particularly comfort, activity, and physical characteristics, influenced older adults' satisfaction. Mohammadian (2016) identified interaction with nature and green spaces as an influential factor in place attachment and the mental health of older adults, while Bamanian and Kamran (2015) found social interactions to be effective in enhancing their comfort. International studies, including those by Garcia and Lee (2023), Ray and Park (2022), William and Martin (2022), and Kim and Lee (2020), have emphasized sustainability, accessibility, safety, green and social spaces, and designs adapted to the physical and psychological needs of older adults. 3. Methodology The research method employed in this study was a survey method. Data were collected through questionnaires, observation, and interviews. The study area was Mardom Park in Hamedan, and the statistical population consisted of older adults. The questionnaires were administered over a one-week period at different times of the day. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed for a sample of 350 older adults based on Cochran's formula. The respondents were older adults who used the park and represented diverse social, occupational, and gender characteristics. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. 4. Discussion Among the indicators of functional factors, the greatest impact was associated with the diversity of activities, while the lowest impact was related to the presence of urban furniture. Among the indicators of environmental factors, the greatest impact was associated with the presence of natural elements, whereas the lowest impact was related to the appropriate drainage of surface water. Among the accessibility factors, the greatest impact was associated with the use of ramps instead of stairs, while the lowest impact was related to the appropriate width and length of pathways. Regarding subjective factors, among the perceptual indicators, the greatest impact was associated with secluded and tranquil spaces, while the lowest impact was related to the presence of nodes and gathering places. Among the indicators of social identity, the greatest impact was associated with the provision of spaces for social interaction, whereas the lowest impact was related to the organization of collective rituals. Among the indicators of perceived security, spatial visibility had the greatest impact, while lighting had the lowest impact. Among the indicators of collective memory, the greatest impact was associated with the presence of communal spaces, whereas the lowest impact was related to the organization of religious ceremonies. Finally, among the indicators of place attachment, the greatest impact was associated with the availability of diverse activities, while the lowest impact was related to the provision of spaces for meeting friends. 5. Conclusion Successful spatial reading of a park by older adults could be achieved when physical (objective) facilities were provided in a manner that actively supported opportunities for social interaction and a sense of psychological security (subjective factors). Providing amenities that contributed to the individual and social identity of older adults was not merely a minor improvement; rather, it was a determining factor in increasing participation rates and encouraging the continued use of park spaces. Therefore, enhancing the quality and richness of parks depended on aligning their design with these two fundamental components. In other words, design needed to actively facilitate the fulfillment of the deeper psychological and social needs of older adults. This approach proposed an inclusive, active, and meaning-oriented design model for urban public spaces. Finally, several practical recommendations were proposed: improving and upgrading urban furniture; installing legible and easily understandable signs and symbols; creating barrier-free pathways; incorporating additional natural elements; providing gentle and appropriate lighting; increasing spaces for social interaction; strengthening the sense of belonging; enhancing spatial visibility; providing cultural programs appropriate for older adults; developing guidelines and standard design principles for age-friendly parks; and encouraging the participation of older adults in the design process.